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1、五、长难句基本考点分析（-）定语从句翻译1.定语从句的前置合译法：On the whole,such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degreeof confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the sameattitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant informat
2、ion whichthey possessed.（1992 年 75 题）参考译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但前提是必须两个假定成立：这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩子对测试的态度相同；他没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。2.定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environmentwhere there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity forappropriate response w
3、ill experience greater intellectual development.（1990 年）参考译文：行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其做出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had someconnection with the process of thought,which took roots in Europe longbefore people realized how diverse languages
4、 could be.（2004 年 61 题）参考译文：希腊人认为语言的结构和思维过程存在某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万别/多样性之前就已经扎根于欧洲。3.定语从句的溶合变译法：This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness inhuman nature;actually,aside from abnormally lazy people,there wouldbe very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum,andwho would
5、 prefer to do nothing rather than work.参考译文：这种假设是依据这样一种谬论：人的天性中天生就存在惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，儿乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。定语从句翻译练习：1.Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes oflacking any features that made them unique individuals and were alsosubject to numerous restrictio
6、ns imposed by the male-dominatedculture.参考译文：在 2 0 世纪以前，小说中的妇女都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点，因而无法成为具有个性的人；他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。2.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,becausenowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combinedwith other elements,most commonly with oxygen,fo
7、r which it has astrong affinity.参考译文：铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的是跟氧结合；因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力，由于这个原因，在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以，铝 直 到 1 9 世纪才被人发现。3.They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as acurse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previousgenerations used as a means to fight their way out of
8、 poverty.参考译文：以往几代人使用传统的/旧式的体力劳动作为手段来摆脱贫困，而科技进步又摧毁了这种劳动，所以，穷人们是首先体会到科技进步之苦的。4.The number of the young people in the United States who cant read isincredible about one in four.参考译文：在美国，没有阅读能力的年轻人的数量大约在四分之一，这简直令人难以置信。在美国，大约有四分之一的年轻人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。5.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed abou
9、t current events,allowing one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructiveand entertaining.参考译文：人们常说，通过电视可以了解当前的大事，可以掌握科学和政治最新的发展，电视还播出了许许多多的既有教育意义又有娱乐性的节目。6.Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolfs House,in which the heroine
10、,Nora,leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her likea child,the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money tosupport herself;she must have economic rights to survive.参考译文：作家鲁迅从易普生的 玩偶之家一书中得到启示，书中女主人公娜拉离家出走，是因为她憎恨自己的丈夫对她像对待小孩儿一样。所以，鲁迅警告说：娜拉要有钱才能够养活自己，要有经济权利才能够生存。7.Although Gutman
11、 admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves9 preference,revealed most clearly onplantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stablemonogamy.参考译文：尽管古特曼认为由于买卖而造成的被迫分离甚为频繁，但是他表示，奴隶们的偏好，在买卖并不是很频繁的种植园中最为显著地揭示出来，在很大程度上侧重稳定的一夫一妻制。8.This preference for exogamy,Gut
12、man suggests,may have derivedfrom West African rules governing marriage,which,though theydiffered from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind ofprohibition against unions with close kin.参考译文：古特曼认为，这种对于外族通婚的偏好，可能起源于西非制约着婚姻的风俗制度，这些风俗制度尽管在每个部落之间不尽相同，但是，这一切都涉及到了某种对于近亲结婚的反对。(-)被动语态的翻译1)Today
13、this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam,and there isno effective system.参考译文：当今这种宝贵的泥沙(已经)让大坝给拦住了，并且也没有有效的系统(除沙)。2)Yet the Nile has been changed by modem man in ways not yet fullyunderstood.参考译文：a.而尼罗河已经为现代人所改变，但是他们也没有完全理解这种改变的方式。b.然而现代的人们用连他们自己也不完全清楚的方法改变了尼罗河。3)Because it is very slippery,i
14、t is used for lubrication.因为它非常滑，所以可以用来作为润滑剂。4.)When the crude oil is obtained from the field,it is taken to the refineryto be treated.The commonest form of treatment is heating.When the oilis heating,the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol.Petrol has a low boiling point;if
15、a little is poured into the hand,it soonvaporized.Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin.Lastof all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced.What remains isheavy oil that is used as fuel.参考译文：当原油从油田取得后，就被送往炼油厂去处理。最常见的处理方式是加热。油加热时最早升起的蒸汽冷却后成为最好的汽油。汽油沸点低，如果倒入少许在手上，它立即就蒸
16、发掉。稍后从油中分离出来的气体就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各种不同等级的润滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。5)It is not known how rare this resemblance is,or whether it is mostoften seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet,whose crystallographyis generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；but when present,theresemblance is regarded as compelli
17、ng evidence that the diamonds andinclusions are truly cogenetic.人们不知道这种类似究竟稀少到何种程度，也不知道这种类似是否最常见于像石榴石一类的硅酸盐的包裹体当中。而这种物质的晶体结构，总体上来说，在某种程度上，类似于精钢石的晶体结构。但是，这种类似一旦存在，就可以认为是极有说服力的证据，证明了精钢石和包裹体的确是同源物。6)A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became theUnited States has been that Englands
18、policy toward these coloniesbefore 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a changeto a more imperial policy,dominated by expansionist militaristobjectives,generated the tensions that ultimately led to theAmerican Revolution.参考答案：一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，
19、而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变为扩张主义的军事目标所左右产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。（三）代词的翻译1.It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrialrevolution and two political revolutions.But the fact is that theywere all social revolutions.参考译文：把一场产业革命和两场政治革命归为一类，看上去似乎有些奇怪，但是事实上，这三场革命都是社会革命。2.Two things are outstanding i
20、n the creation of the English system ofcanals,and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution.参考译文：有两点在修建/建造英国运河网中特别突出，而这两点正是整个工业革命的特点。3.The canals were arteries of communications:they were not made tocarry pleasure boats,but barges.参考译文：运河是交通的动脉，开凿运河不是为了通行游船，而是为了通行驳船。4.James Brindley was a pion
21、eer in the art of building canals or,as itwas then called,4navigation詹姆斯布瑞德雷是开凿运河的先驱，人们当时把开凿运河叫做navigation5.If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction,and realizedthat it was a sign that the child was growing up and developingvaluable powers of observation and independent judgment,theywou
22、ld not be so hurt,and therefore would not drive the child intoopposition by resenting and resisting it.父母们如果对于青少年的这种反应有所准备，并且意识到这种反应是一种标志，标志着孩子正在成长，并且正在形成宝贵的观察力和独立的判断力，那么父母们就不会感到如此的伤心，所以也就不会因为对此有了憎恨和抵抗的情绪而把孩子推到对立面。6.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;theywould devour all ou
23、r crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not forthe protection we get from insect-eating animals.参考译文：要不是由以昆虫为食的动物来保护我们，昆虫就会吞食所有的庄稼、害死家禽家畜，让我们不能生存于世。2004年考研真题解析l.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had someconnection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe longbef
24、ore people realized how diverse languages could be.2.We are obliged to them because some of these languages have sincevanished,as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilatedand lost their native languages.3.The newly described languages were often so strikingly different fromthe well s
25、tudied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that somescholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.4.Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Whorfdeveloped the idea that the structure of language determines the structureof habitual thought in a society.5.Whorf
26、 came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in itsstrongest form,state that language imprisons the mind,and that thegrammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.参考译文：1.希腊人认为语言的结构和思维过程存在某种联系，这种观点早在人们意识到语言的千差万别之前就已经扎根于欧洲。2.我们得感谢他们（两位先驱），因为在此之后，这 些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部落或是消亡了或是被同化而丧失自己的本族语言。3.这些新近被描绘的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于一些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造材料。4.由于对语言和思维感兴趣，沃夫形成了这样一个观点，即：在一个社会中语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。5.沃夫逐渐相信某种语言决定论，这种决定论极端的说法认为:语言禁锢思想，并且语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。