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1、I.BackgroundThisistheageofrevolutions:TheAmericanrevolution(1775-1783)whereThe Declaration of Independence,writtenbyThomasJefferson,statedthatAmericawasanindependentnation.TheFrenchrevolution(1789-1815)whichintroducedthedemocraticideals:Liberty,EqualityandFraternityforeverybody.Theindustrialrevoluti
2、on(the18th-19thCent.)whichtransformedBritainfromagriculturaltoindustrialcountryinvolvingtheuseofnewsourcesofpower(coalandsteam)andalsoimportanttechnologicalinventionslikethesteamengine.第1页/共43页Socialconflictsandchanges:Themainsocialchangeswereamongtheworkingclasses.Theprincipalsocialeventswere:-Anen
3、ormousincreaseinproductionandwealth-Periodsofoverproductionandperiodsofdepression-Workersunionswereformedbutcausedmanyalarmssolawmademeetingofworkersillegal.Workersbegantoattackfactoriesanddestroymachineries(thefamousrevoltoftheLudditiesandthePeterlooMassacre).-RobertOwenestablishedatextilefactorywh
4、ereheimprovedworkersworkingconditions.-Slaverywasdefinitelyabolishedin1833.第2页/共43页II.The Definition of RomanticismEnglishRomanticismisarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason.TheFrenchRevolutionandtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionexertgreatinfluenceonEnglishRomanticism.Theromanticist
5、sexpressanegativeattitudetowardstheexistingsocialorpoliticalconditions.Theyplacetheindividualatthecenterofart,ascanbeseenfromLordByronsByronicHero.ThekeywordsofEnglishRomanticismarenatureandimagination.Theyarguethatpoetryshouldbefreefromallrules.BeforeEnglishRomanticismthereappearedSentimentalismand
6、Pre-romanticism,whichmadesomepreparationsforthecominganddevelopmentEnglishRomanticism.beginning-1798:Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集end-1832:thedeathofWalterScott第3页/共43页Generallyspeaking,theromanticistsexpressedtheideologyandsentimentofthoseclassesandsocialstratawhowerediscontentwith,andopposedto,thedevelopme
7、ntofcapitalism.Butowingtodifferenceinpoliticalattitudes,theysplitintotwoschools.Someromanticwritersreflectedthethinkingofclassesruinedbythebourgeoisie,andbywayofprotestagainstcapitalistdevelopmentturnedtothefeudalpast,i.e.,the“merryoldEngland”,astheirideal,or,frightenedbythecomingofindustrialismandt
8、henightmaretownsofindustry,theywereturningtonatureforprotection.Theseweretheelderandsometimescalledpassiveorescapistromanticists,representedbyWordsworth(华兹华斯),Coleridge(科尔律治)andSouthey(骚塞).第4页/共43页Others(activeromanticists)expressedtheaspirationsoftheclassescreatedbycapitalismandheldoutanideal,thoug
9、havagueone,ofa future society free from oppression and exploitation.TheseweretheyoungerandsometimescalledactiveromanticistsrepresentedbyByron(拜伦),Shelley(雪莱)andKeats(济慈).Thegeneralfeatureoftheworksofalltheromanticistsisdissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety.Theirwritingsarefilledwithstrong-willedher
10、oes,formidableevents,tragicsituations,powerfulconflictingpassions,andexoticpictures.Sometimestheyresorttosymbolicmethods.Withtheactiveromanticists,symbolicpicturesrepresentavagueideaofsomefuturesociety,whilewiththepassiveromanticists,theseoftentakeonamysticcolour(e.g.Coleridges“AncientMariner”“老水手谣”
11、).第5页/共43页Incontrasttotherationalismoftheenlightenersandclassicistsinthe18thcentury,theromanticistspaidgreatattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman.Nature,oftenpersonified,alsoplaysanimportantroleintheirworks.ThepassionsofmanandthebeautiesofnatureappealedstronglytotheimaginationoftheRomanticwri
12、ter,and thegloryoflakesandmountains,thelittlejoysorsorrowsofchildren,thewealandwoeofordinary,unculturedpeasants,thewonderofthefairyworld,andthesplendouroftheGreekartallbecamethefountain-headsofthewritersinspiration.Poetry,ofcourse,isthebestmediumtoexpressallthesesentiments.Infact,alltheromanticistsm
13、entionedabovewerepoets.TheRomanticPeriodwasoneofpoeticalrevival.第6页/共43页Romantic prose ofthetimewasrepresentedbyLamb,Hazlitt,DeQuincyandHunt.TheonlygreatnovelistinthisperiodwasWalterScott,whosehistoricalnovelscombinearomanticatmospherewitharealisticdepictionofhistoricalbackgroundandcommonpeopleslife
14、.Scottmarkedthetransitionfromromanticismtotheperiodofrealismwhichfollowedit.*TheLake PoetsareagroupofEnglishpoetswhoalllivedintheLakeDistrictofEnglandattheturnofthenineteenthcentury.TheyareconsideredpartoftheRomanticMovement.ThethreemainfiguresofwhathasbecomeknownastheLakesSchoolareWilliamWordsworth
15、,SamuelTaylorColeridge,andRobertSouthey.第7页/共43页III.Passive/Escapist Romanticists1.William Wordsworth(17701850)WilliamWordsworthwasamajorEnglishRomanticpoetwho,withSamuelTaylorColeridge,helpedtolaunchtheRomanticAgeinEnglishliteraturewiththe1798jointpublicationLyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集.InhisPrefacetoLyric
16、alBallads,whichiscalledthemanifestoofEnglishRomanticism,Wordsworthcallshispoemsexperimental.”Inthe“Preface”,hedescribedpoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelingsrecollectedintranquility.”WordsworthsmasterpieceisgenerallyconsideredtobeThe Prelude 序,asemiautobiographicalpoemofhisearlyyearswhich
17、herevisedandexpandedanumberoftimes.Itwasposthumouslytitledandpublished,priortowhichitwasgenerallyknownasthepoem“toColeridge”.WordsworthwasBritains PoetLaureate(桂冠诗人)from1843untilhisdeathin1850.第8页/共43页Wordsworthsfamouspoems:“WeAreSeven”(我们七个)“LinesWritteninEarlySpring”(早春)“LinesWrittenaFewMilesAbove
18、TinternAbby”(丁登寺)“TheExcursion”(远足)“LucyPoems”(露西组诗)“TheSolitaryReaper”(孤独的割麦人)“IWonderedLonelyasaCloud”(我好似一朵孤独的流云)(alsoknownas“Daffodils”)(或“咏水仙”)-顾子欣译Iwanderedlonelyasacloud我好似一朵孤独的流云，Thatfloatsonhighoervalesandhills,高高地飘游在山谷之上，WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,突然我看到一大片鲜花，Ahostofgoldendaffodils;是金色的水仙遍地开放。
19、Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,它们开在湖畔，开在树下Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.它们随风嬉舞，随风飘荡。第9页/共43页Continuousasthestarsthatshine它们密集如银河的星星，andtwinkleontheMilkyWay,像群星在闪烁一片晶莹；Theystretchedinnever-endingline它们沿着海湾向前伸展，alongthemarginofabay:通往远方仿佛无穷无尽；TenthousandsawIataglance,一眼看去就有千朵万朵，tossingtheirheadsinspr
20、ightlydance.万花摇首舞得多么高兴。Thewavesbesidethemdanced;butthey粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，Out-didthesparklingwavesinglee:却不如这水仙舞得轻俏；Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴，insuchajocundcompany:又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃；Igazed-andgazed-butlittlethought我久久凝视-却未领悟whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:这景象所给铁精神至宝。Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie后来多少次我郁郁独卧，Invacan
21、torinpensive(沉思)mood,感到百无聊赖心灵空漠；Theyflashuponthatinwardeye这景象便在脑海中闪现，Whichistheblissofsolitude;多少次安慰过我的寂寞；Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，Anddanceswiththedaffodils.我的心又重新充满了欢乐。第10页/共43页 Setting and Background InformationSetting and Background Information ThepoemrecapturesamomentonApril15
22、,1802,whenWordsworthandhissister,Dorothy,werewalkingnearalakeatGrasmere,CumbriaCounty,England,andcameuponashorelinedwithdaffodils.GrasmereisinnorthwesternEnglandsLakeDistrict.TheLakeDistrictextendstwenty-fivemileseasttowestandthirtymilesnorthtosouth.AmongitsattractionsareEnglandshighestmountain,Scaf
23、ellPike(3,210feet),andEsthwaiteLakeandotherpicturesquescenesradiatingoutward,likethepointsofastar,fromthetownofGrasmere.Wordsworthdescribedhisexperiencethatdayasfollows:“WhenwewereinthewoodsbeyondGowbarrowparkwesawafewdaffodilsclosetothewaterside,wefanciedthatthelakehadfloatedtheseedsashoreandthatth
24、elittlecolonyhadsosprungupButaswewentalong,thereweremoreandyetmore,andatlastundertheboughsofthetrees,wesawthattherewasalongbeltofthemalongtheshore,aboutthebreadthofacountryroad.Somerestedtheirheadsonmossystonesasonapillowforwearinessandtheresttossedandreeledanddanced,andseemedasiftheyverilylaughedwi
25、ththewindthatblewuponthemovertheLake,theylookedsogayeverglancingeverchanging.”第11页/共43页 Stanza Summary1 IwanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhighoervalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.Summary,Stanza1Whilewanderingl
26、ikeacloud,thepoethappenstoseedaffodilsflutteringinabreezeontheshoreofalake,beneaththetrees.Daffodilsareplantsinthelilyfamilywithyellowflowersandacrownshapedlikeatrumpet.第12页/共43页2 ContinuousasthestarsthatshineAndtwinkleonthemilkyway,Theystretchedinnever-endinglineAlongthemarginofabay:TenthousandsawI
27、ataglance,Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.Summary,Stanza2Thedaffodilsstretchallalongtheshore.Becausetherearesomanyofthem,theyremindthepoetoftheMilkyWay,thegalaxythatscientistssaycontainsaboutonetrillionstars,includingthesun.Thespeakerhumanizesthedaffodilswhenhesaystheyareengaginginadance.第13页/共43页
28、3 Thewavesbesidethemdanced;buttheyOut-didthesparklingwavesinglee:ApoetcouldnotbutbegayInsuchajocundcompany:IgazedandgazedbutlittlethoughtWhatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:Summary,Stanza3Inthethirdstanzathepoetcomparesthewavesofthelaketothewavesofdaffodilsanddecidesthateventhoughthelakeissparkling,thed
29、affodilswinbecausetheyhavemoreglee.Hethencommentsthathe,likeanyotherpoet,couldnothelpbutbehappyinsuchajocundcompany.Helookedatthesceneforalongtime,butwhilehewastherehewasunabletounderstandwhathehadgainedfromtheexperience.第14页/共43页4ForoftwhenonmycouchIlieInvacantorinpensivemood,Theyflashuponthatinwar
30、deyeWhichistheblissofsolitude,Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,Anddanceswiththedaffodils.Summary,Stanza4Inthefourthandfinalstanzathepoetdescribeswhathegainedfromtheexperience.Afterwards,whenhewaslonelyorfeelingpensive,hecouldrememberthedaffodils,seeingthemwithhisinwardeye,andbecontent.Notuntilthepoet
31、latermusesaboutwhathesawdoeshefullyappreciatethecheerfulsightofthedancingdaffodils.第15页/共43页Structure,Meter and Rhyme Structure,Meter and Rhyme SchemeSchemeWordsworthunifiesthecontentofthepoembyfocusingthe first three stanzas ontheexperienceatthelakeandthe last stanza onthememoryofthatexperience.The
32、poemcontainsfourstanzasofsixlineseach.Ineachstanza,thefirstlinerhymeswiththethirdandthesecondwiththefourth.Thestanzathenendswitharhymingcouplet.Thelinesinthepoemareiniambictetrameter(抑扬格四步诗),asdemonstratedinthethirdstanza.Therhymeschemeis:abab cc dede ff ghgh ii Therhythmisclearandtherhymeisharmonio
33、us.Long vowels and diphthongs arewidelyusedtoreducetherhythmofthepoem.Soft voiceless consonants accountfor65%comparedwith35%ofhardvoicedconsonants,whichmakesthepoemgentleandsmooth.第16页/共43页 Theme Nature s beauty upliftsthehuman spirit.Lines15,23,and24specificallyrefertothistheme.Peoplesometimesfailt
34、oappreciatenatureswondersastheygoabouttheirdailyroutines.Lines17and18suggestthistheme.Naturethrivesunattended.Thedaffodilsproliferateinsplendoralongtheshoreofthelakewithouttheneedforhumanattention.第17页/共43页 Examples of Figures of SpeechStanza1Alliteration:lonelyasacloud(line1)highoervalesandHills(li
35、ne2)goldenDaffodils(line4)BesidetheLake,beneaththetrees,Whenallatonce(line3)Simile:Comparison(usingas)ofthespeakerssolitarinesstothatofacloud(line1)Personification:Comparisonofthecloudtoalonelyhuman.(line1)Personification/Metaphor:Comparisonofdaffodilstoacrowdofpeople(lines3-4)Comparisonofdaffodilst
36、odancinghumans(lines4,6).第18页/共43页AppreciationIWanderedLonelyasaCloudbringstolifemanyvibrantimagesofwhattheauthorsawontheoccasionfromwhichthepoemiswritten.Howhewaswanderingaboutisthefirst;floatinglonelyasacloud,whichcouldmeangraceful,itcouldbefastorslow,butoervalesandhillsisimportantbecausethereader
37、visualizesthesurroundingswhicharebeingdescribedinthepoem.Theimageofthedaffodilsisimpresseduponthereaderinaveryvividway.Anyonewhohasobservedabreezyday,andthewaythatplants,flowers,andwaterappearandmoveonsuchaday,couldeasilyseethroughWordsworthseyesthisscene,thankstothemannerinwhichhewroteit.Weseethesh
38、ockofyellow(hesaysgolden)andthemassofflowers,swayingandbendinginthebreeze.Assignapersonalitytothemandtheycouldbenothingbuthappy.第19页/共43页Thepoemshowsthefeaturesofsymbolism.In“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”,thedaffodilsbecomemuchmorethanmereflowers.Theyareasymbolofnaturalbeautyand,moreimportantly,symbolize
39、livingalifeasrichinexperienceandsensationaswouldmakealifeworthliving.Theyrepresent,intheirlight-hearteddance,thejoyandhappinessoflivinganadoringandfulfillinglife,embracingitforeverydropofnectar(花蜜)itcouldsobring.Romanticism,apoeticphilosophythatWordsworthhimselfengendered,findsmuchvirtueinthismeanin
40、g.Thepoetsheartismergedwiththedaffodils,whichinspiresthepoetsjoyandhappiness.ThedaffodilsreachingoutandcatchingtheeyeofWordsworthsnarrator,orperhapsWordsworthhimself,andinspiringhimsomuchemotionally,thathewasleftwithlittlechoicethantoexpressthempoetically.第20页/共43页Naturallytheimagesbroughtintoourvie
41、wbytheauthorarequiteimportanttothethemeofthepoem,andthethemeisthehappinessbroughtaboutbytheauthorsprivilegeinviewingthedaffodilsdance.Heconjuresupthatimagelaterandusesittogivehimselfanemotionalboost.Thelocalofthedaffodilsheightensthereactiontothem,astheyarenexttoabodyofwaterwhichtoocanbepersonified,
42、whichtoothepoethasprescribedhuman-likeactionandfeeling.WeexpectademonstrationofnatureinthismannerfromaRomanticPoetamongotherthings,aprominentthemeinthepoetryofthatmovement.Ibelievethatpeoplehavecometorealizethatinourmodernworldweareoutoftouchwithnature,andataspirituallevelmorepeoplearemakinganattemp
43、ttoreconnectwithnature,inanefforttobringforthpersonalenlightenmentandpeace.第21页/共43页2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(17721834)Samuel Taylor ColeridgewasanEnglishpoet,Romantic,literarycriticandphilosopherwho,withhisfriendWilliamWordsworth,wasafounderoftheRomanticMovementinEnglandandamemberoftheLakePoets.Hei
44、sprobablybestknownforhispoemsThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner(老水手谣/古舟子咏)andKubla Khan(忽必烈汗),aswellasforhismajorproseworkBiographia Literaria(文学传记).Hiscriticalwork,especiallyonShakespeare,washighlyinfluential,andhehelpedintroduceGermanidealistphilosophytoEnglish-speakingculture.Hecoinedmanyfamiliarwor
45、dsandphrases.Hewasamajorinfluence,viaEmerson,onAmericantranscendentalism(超验论).第22页/共43页 The Rime of the Ancient MarineristhelongestmajorpoembyColeridge.Itwaspublishedin1798inthefirsteditionofLyrical Ballads,whichwasasignalshifttomodernpoetryandthebeginningofBritishRomanticliterature.Thepoemonthesurf
46、aceexploresviolationofnatureanditsresultingpsychologicaleffectsontheMariner,whointerpretsthefatesofhiscrewtobeadirectresultofhishavingshotdownanalbatross.AlthoughthepoemisoftenreadasaChristianallegory,itisarguedthatitisreallyastoryofoursalvationofChrist,ratherthantheotherwayround.Itissuggestedthatth
47、eAncientMarinerisanautobiographicalportraitofColeridgehimself,comparingtheMarinerslonelinesswithColeridgesownfeelingsoflonelinessexpressedinhislettersandjournals.第23页/共43页III.Active Romanticists1.George Byron(17881824)George Gordon Byron,commonlyknownsimplyasLord Byron,wasanEnglishpoetandaleadingfig
48、ureintheRomanticmovement.AmongstByronsbest-knownworksarethebriefpoemsShe Walks in Beauty(她走在美的光彩中/她在美中徜徉),When We Two Parted(当我们两个分手/昔日依依别),So,well go no more a roving(那么，我们不再一起盘桓),inadditiontothenarrativepoemsChilde Harolds Pilgrimage(恰尔德哈罗尔德游记)Don Juan/dnw:n/,(唐璜).HeisregardedasoneofthegreatestBri
49、tishpoetsandremainswidelyreadandinfluential.第24页/共43页Byronwascelebratedinlifeforaristocraticexcessesincludinghugedebts,numerousloveaffairswithbothsexes,andself-imposedexile.HewasdescribedbyLadyCarolineLamb(Byronsloverandanovelist)asmad,badanddangeroustoknow.HetravelledtofightagainsttheOttomanEmpirei
50、ntheGreekWarofIndependence,forwhichGreeksreverehimasanationalhero.Hediedmerely36yearsoldfromafeverinGreece.There-foundingoftheByronSocietyin1971reflectsthefascinationthatmanypeoplehaveforByronandhiswork.Thissocietyhasbecomeveryactive,publishinganannualjournal.AnInternationalConferencetakesplaceannua