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1、William Shakespeare(15641616)1.His life2.His literary career3.Features of his drama4.Text Study:Hamlet5.His Poems6.Text Study:Sonnet 18第1页/共53页5.HisPoems1)Shakespeare wrote 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets which were addressed to a handsome young man and a dark lady.2)His plays are poetical dramas,
2、many important dialogues and soliloquies in the plays assume the form of poetry.第2页/共53页Sonnet Apoemconsistingof14lineswithrhymesarrangedaccordingtooneorotherofcertaindefiniteschemes,ofwhichthePetrarchanandtheElizabethanaretheprincipal,namely:(1)abbaabba,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremaini
3、ngsixlines;(2)ababcdcdefefgg.ThesonnetsofShakespeareareinthelatterform.(seeP118-119)第3页/共53页Iambic Pentameter 抑扬格(iambic):如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb,iambic.）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。第4页/共53页Iambic Pentameter 英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,su
4、pply,believe,return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。第5页/共53页诗行的长短以音步数目计算：英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。（各种长短诗行的专门术语：一音步诗：monometer二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter五音步诗：pentameter六音步诗：hexameter七音步诗：heptameter八音步诗：octameter.）第6页/共5
5、3页音步：我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。如Hewenttotowntobuyabook.Imgladtohearthenews.英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗：第7页/共53页Aloneshecutsandbindsthegrain,Andsingsamelancholystrain.这两行诗的重读与轻读的固
6、定搭配模式是：轻重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。第8页/共53页在分析一首诗的格律时，既要考虑此诗的基本音步类型，也要考虑此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗：AnEMPTYHOUSEAlexanderPopeYoubeatyourpate,andfancywitwillcome:Knockasyouplease,theresnobodyathome.（你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打，
7、也无人把门打开。pate，脑袋。fancy，动词：以为，想象。）在此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambicpentameter）。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律（meter）。第9页/共53页Hamlet Old words:Thee,obj.,thou,sub.,thy=your,thine=yours,oryour(beforevowel).“You”tostrangersanduppers;“thou”intimate or familiars and toinferiorpeople第10页/共53页Hamlet Ol
8、d words:Dost/doest=do(2ndsing),doth/doeth=doesHast=have(2ndsing),hath=has,hadst=had(past)layst,makst,canst,whilst第11页/共53页Hamlet Old words:Ere=beforestill=alwaysoft=oftenHappily=haply=perhapseven=eveningmorn=morning第12页/共53页6.Text Study:Sonnet 18ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmor
9、etemperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,AndSummersleasehathalltooshortadate;ShallIcompareyoutoasummersday?ShallIcompareyoutoasummersday?Youaremorelovelyandmoreconstant:Youaremorelovelyandmoreconstant:RoughwindsshakethebelovedbudsofMayRoughwindsshakethebelovedbudsofMayAndsummerisfarto
10、oshort:Andsummerisfartooshort:可否把你比作美丽的夏天？可否把你比作美丽的夏天？可你比夏天更加可爱如绣：可你比夏天更加可爱如绣：狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠，狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠，夏天的租期不肯太长逗留，夏天的租期不肯太长逗留，第13页/共53页Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourse,untrimmd;Attimesthesunistoo
11、hot,Attimesthesunistoohot,Oroftengoesbehindtheclouds;Oroftengoesbehindtheclouds;Andeverythingbeautifulsometimewillloseitsbeauty,Andeverythingbeautifulsometimewillloseitsbeauty,Bymisfortuneorbynaturesplannedoutcourse.Bymisfortuneorbynaturesplannedoutcourse.有时候苍之巨眼未免焦灼，有时候苍之巨眼未免焦灼，他金色的脸也会经常暗退。他金色的脸也会经
12、常暗退。所有的美丽总会不免衰落，所有的美丽总会不免衰落，偶然或永恒总将美丽残催。偶然或永恒总将美丽残催。第14页/共53页Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst;NorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst;Butyouryouthshallnotfade,Butyouryouthshallnotfade,Norwillyoulosethebeautythatyoupossess;Norwilly
13、oulosethebeautythatyoupossess;Norwilldeathclaimyouforhisown,Norwilldeathclaimyouforhisown,Becauseinmyeternalverseyouwillliveforever.Becauseinmyeternalverseyouwillliveforever.但是你的妖艳会永不退萎。但是你的妖艳会永不退萎。你不会失去你拥有的美丽，你不会失去你拥有的美丽，死神也惧把你送阴间吹擂；死神也惧把你送阴间吹擂；这时你将于诗中永存与日。这时你将于诗中永存与日。第15页/共53页Solongasmencanbreathe
14、,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Speakers CornerSpeakers CornerSolongastherearepeopleonthisearth,Solongastherearepeopleonthisearth,Solongwillthispoemliveon,makingyouimmortal.Solongwillthispoemliveon,makingyouimmortal.只要人类呼吸，目放光芒，只要人类呼吸，目放光芒，诗行也会同长，使你命芳。诗行也会同长，使你命芳。第16页/共53页 Sonne
15、t 18 of Shakespeare Structure proposal(1-2)argument(3-12)conclusion(13-14)第17页/共53页Sonnet 18ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:bRough winds do shake the darling buds of May,aAndSummersleasehathalltooshortadate;b第18页/共53页Sonnet 18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,cAndo
16、ftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd；dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,cBy chance,or natureBy chance,or natures changing course,untrimms changing course,untrimmd;d;d第19页/共53页Sonnet 18Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst;fNor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,eWh
17、enineternallinestotimethougrowst;f第20页/共53页Sonnet 18Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.g第21页/共53页Rhetoric in sonnet 181.simile2.rhetoricalquestion3.metaphor4.personification5.pun6.paradox7.alliteration8.hyperbole9.synecdoche10.inversion第22页/共53页Sonnet 18Willia
18、m Shakespeare 第23页/共53页SomebasicconceptsaboutpoetryqAsonnetisapoemoffourteenlineswithvariousrhymingschemes.qRhyme-the likeness of theendingsoundsofthepoeticlines.第24页/共53页OldPoeticUseOldPoeticUseThou:“you”assubjectThee:“you”asobjectThy:“your”followedbyaconsonantThine:“your”followedbyavowelArt:areEst
19、,st:secondpersonsingularHath:hasThispoemmightbedividedinto3parts.第25页/共53页Questions Analysetherhymingschemeandrhythmicpatternofthepoem.Whydoesthewritercomparetheaddresseetoa“summersday”?Whatistheresultofthecomparison?Howdoyouunderstandthethemeofthepoem?第26页/共53页Shall I compare thee to a summers day?
20、Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thespeakeropensthepoemwithaquestion.Thisquestioncompares“Thee”toasummersdaybecausesummerisconsideredasthebesttimeoftheyear.Thenext11linesaredevotedtothecomparisonbetweenthesummersdayand“thee”.Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Thou art more lovely and more
21、temperate.Why?第27页/共53页Rough winds do Rough winds do shakeshake the the darling buds of May,darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all And summers lease hath all too too shortshort a date.a date.Sometime too Sometime too hothot the eye of the eye of heaven shines,heaven shines,And often is his g
22、old And often is his gold complexion complexion dimmddimmd;And every fair from fair And every fair from fair sometime sometime declinesdeclines,By chance or natures By chance or natures changing course changing course untrimmduntrimmd;五月花蕾恶风落地，夏日租约转瞬到期，有时天眼高灼炎炎难耐，更见乌云常蔽金色面容古今红颜难逃色衰，命运无常季候摧残；每一个美人总要失
23、去美貌，即使没有突发的以外事件，也逃不过自然界生老病死的变迁第28页/共53页But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,你的永恒夏日欲将长存，美貌红颜必也永世不减,死神难夸你在他影中踯躅，第29页/共53页When in eternal lines to time thou growest:So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So
24、 long lives this and this gives life to thee.因你芳名已成不朽诗篇。只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。第30页/共53页Animportantthemeofthissonnetisthepraiseabouttheeternalbeautyof“thee”.Anotherthemeisthepowerofthespeakerspoemtodefytimeandlastforever.第31页/共53页诗人表达了这样一种思想：美丽的事物可以依靠文学的力量而永远不朽；文学是人所创造的，因此这有宣告了人的不朽。第32页/共53页一个重
25、读音节与一或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来，有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数（meter)。轻读音节是“抑”，重读音节是“扬”，如一轻一重，为抑扬格。英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。第33页/共53页Meterand
26、FeetThemeterofaversecanbedescribedasasequenceoffeet,eachfootbeingaspecificsequenceofsyllabletypes.某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot)。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数”（meter)。英文诗行的长度范围一般是一至五音步一音步诗：monometer 二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter五音步诗：pentameter第34页/共53页Forexample,themostcommonmeterinEnglishpoetry,theiambicpenta
27、meter,isasequenceoffiveiambicfeet,consistingofanunstressedsyllableandastressedsyllable.如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iambic）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?第35页/共53页Comedyaplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyappealingtoasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersdepict
28、ed.Acomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedysdisastrouscrimes.Itsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.Amongitslesssophisticatedformsareburlesque讽刺模仿andfarce 闹剧.第36页/共53页Sonnet 18By William Shakespeare第37页/共53页十四行诗(Sonnet)，源于中世
29、纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。后来，怀亚特（ThomasWyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（EdmundSpenser,1552-1599）用韵脚abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。第38页/共53页a
30、noctave+asestet3quatrains+acoupletabbaabbacdecdeababbcbccdcdeeababcdcdefefggItalianSonnet:SpenserianSonnet:ShakespearianSonnet:3quatrains+acoupletFrancesco Petrarch第39页/共53页1)ItalianSonnetFrancescoPetrachThepoetryofearthisneverdead:aWhenallthebirdsarefaintwiththehotsun,bAndhideincoolingtrees,avoicew
31、illrunbFromhedgetohedgeaboutthenew-mownmead;aThatistheGrasshoppers-hetakestheleadaInsummerluxury,-hehasneverdonebWithhisdelights;forwhentiredoutwithfunbHerestsateasebeneathsomepleasantweed.aThepoetyofearthisceasingnever:cOnalonewinterevening,whenthefrostdHaswroughtasilence,fromthestovethereshrillseT
32、heCricketssong,inwarmthincreasingever,cAndseemstooneindrowsinesshalflost,dTheGrasshoppersamongsomegrassyhills.eanoctave+asestet第40页/共53页2)SpenserianSonnetEdmundSpenserForloemylovedothinherselfecontainebAllthisworldsrichesthatmayfarrebefound.cIfsaphyres,loehereyesbesaphyresplaine:bIfrubies,loeherlips
33、berubiessound;c3quatrains+acoupletIfpearls,herteethbepearlsbothpureandround;cIfyvorie,herforeheadyvoryweene;dIfgold,herlocksarefinestgoldonground;cIfsilver,herfairhandsaresilversheene.dButthatwhichfairestis,butfewbehold:eHermind,adornedwithvertuesmanifold.eYetradefullmerchants,thatwithwearytoyleaDos
34、eekenostpretiousthingstomakeyourgain,bAndboththeIndiansoftheirtreasuresspoile,aForloemylovedothinherselfecontaineb第41页/共53页3)ShakespearianSonnetShakespeareSometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd;dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,cBychance,ornatureschangingcourse,untr
35、immd.d3quatrains+acoupletButthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,fNorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,eWhenineternallinestotimethougrowst.fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescansee,gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.gShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?aThouartmorelovelyandm
36、oretemperate.bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,aAndsummersleasehathalltooshortadate.b第42页/共53页Iambus（抑扬格）IambicFoot（抑扬音步）5-footIambus(IambicPentametre)（五步抑扬格）ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,aAndsummersleasehathalltooshortada
37、te.bMetre:第43页/共53页Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd;dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,cBychance,ornatureschangingcourse,untrimmd.dButthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,fNorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,eWhenineternallinest
38、otimethougrowst.fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescansee,gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.gShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,aAndsummersleasehathalltooshortadate.bSonnet 18第44页/共53页Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,cAndoftenishi
39、sgoldcomplexiondimmd;dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,cBychance,ornatureschangingcourse,untrimmd.dButthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,fNorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,eWhenineternallinestotimethougrowst.fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescansee,gSolonglivesthis
40、,andthisgiveslifetothee.gShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,aAndsummersleasehathalltooshortadate.bSonnet 18 Introduction (起)Elucidation (承)Transition (转)Conclusion (合)第45页/共53页the Words Used in Poetrythe Words Used in PoetryThou=Yo
41、u 的主格Thee=You 的宾格Thy=YourThine=Your 用在元音前 Methink=It seems to meHie=go quicklyPleasance=EnjoymentForsooth=No doubtQuoth=SaidPerchance=By chance Mead=Meadow第46页/共53页 the Words Used in Poetry the Words Used in PoetryDamsel=MaidenBefide=HappenWeal=Well-beingBard=PoetVale=ValleyFoe=EnemyWoe=SorrowValian
42、t=BraveForlorn=LonelyWarrior=FighterYonder=Over there第47页/共53页 the Words Used in Poetry the Words Used in PoetryBehold=SeeSunder=BreakSwine=PigsSwain=PeasantMain=SeaLowly=HumbleIngrate=UngratefulMute=SilentFond=FoolishReckless=CarelessDoleful=sorrowfulArtless=InnocentHapless=UnluckyHaply=PerhapsAnon
43、=At once第48页/共53页 the Words Used in Poetry the Words Used in PoetryErst=FormerlyQuit=leaveWax=GrowSojourn=LodgeTarry=RemainWrought=WorkedFare=walkClad=ClothedWilt=WillShalt=ShallCanst=CanDost=DoDidst=DidEre=BeforeAlbeit=Although第49页/共53页Tragedyaseriousplayornovelrepresentingthedisastrousdownfallofac
44、entralcharacter,theprotagonist.AccordingtoAristotle,thepurposeistoachieveacatharsisthroughincidentsarousingpityandterror.Thetragiceffectusuallydependsonourawarenessofadmirablequalitiesinheprotagonist,whicharewastedterriblyinthefateddisaster.第50页/共53页Monologueanextendedspeechutteredbyonespeaker,eithe
45、rtoothersoralone.Significantvarietiesincludethedramatic monologue(akindofpoeminwhichthespeakerisimaginedtobeaddressingasilentaudience),andthesoliloquy(inwhichthespeakerissupposedtobe“overheard”whilealone).独白第51页/共53页Soliloquyadramaticspeechdeliveredbyonecharacterspeakingaloudwhileundertheimpressionofbeingalone.Thesoliloquistthusrevealshisorherinnerthoughtsandfeelingstotheaudience,eitherinsupposedself-communionorinaconsciouslydirectaddress.Itisalsoknownasinterior monologue.内心独白第52页/共53页感谢您的观看！第53页/共53页