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1、会计学1英语学习新编大学英语英语学习新编大学英语Unit 5Unit 5 LanguageLanguage New College English Book Two鞍山科技大学外语系贺青一第1页/共48页2023/4/173Part One I.Part One I.An IntroductionAn Introduction (1)(1)L Languageanguageanguageanguage n nThe term language normally refers to human speech,The term language normally refers to human s
2、peech,spoken or written.Language forms the basis of spoken or written.Language forms the basis of communication between all human beings,About 95%communication between all human beings,About 95%of the worlds population speak one of the 100 most of the worlds population speak one of the 100 most wide
3、ly used languages.English and French both have widely used languages.English and French both have more second-language speakers than native-speakers as more second-language speakers than native-speakers as a result of the imperial expansion of Britain and a result of the imperial expansion of Britai
4、n and France.Partly due to the British and American pop France.Partly due to the British and American pop culture,English is fast becoming the universal foreign culture,English is fast becoming the universal foreign language of Europeans.language of Europeans.第2页/共48页2023/4/174An Introduction An Int
5、roduction(2)(2)n nLike all languages,English has many dialects which reflect social changes and Like all languages,English has many dialects which reflect social changes and settlement patterns that have occurred over many centuries.Although specialists settlement patterns that have occurred over ma
6、ny centuries.Although specialists disagree on the exact meaning of dialect,generally it refers to a socially or disagree on the exact meaning of dialect,generally it refers to a socially or regionally restricted variety of a language.A regionally restricted variety of a language.A dialect dialect us
7、ually has its own distinctive usually has its own distinctive grammatical(grammar,syntax),lexical(vocabulary)and phonetic(accent)features.grammatical(grammar,syntax),lexical(vocabulary)and phonetic(accent)features.In many cases,it is impossible for people speaking different dialects to understand In
8、 many cases,it is impossible for people speaking different dialects to understand each other.Someone speaking Cockney(English spoken in a certain area of each other.Someone speaking Cockney(English spoken in a certain area of London)might have great difficulty in understanding the English spoken by
9、London)might have great difficulty in understanding the English spoken by intercity Afro-Americans in Chicago,for example.An intercity Afro-Americans in Chicago,for example.An accentaccent is the distinctive is the distinctive manner of pronunciation and intonation typical of a given region or a soc
10、ial group.manner of pronunciation and intonation typical of a given region or a social group.There are many different accents in England,Wales,Scotland,Ireland,Canada,and There are many different accents in England,Wales,Scotland,Ireland,Canada,and the United States.Accents in the southern hemispher
11、e(Australia,New Zealand,the United States.Accents in the southern hemisphere(Australia,New Zealand,South Africa)are close to British accents and are all rather similar because they South Africa)are close to British accents and are all rather similar because they emerged less than 200 years ago and a
12、re predominantly a blend of accents from emerged less than 200 years ago and are predominantly a blend of accents from southeastern England.The accents in the United States and Canada are much southeastern England.The accents in the United States and Canada are much older and more different from Bri
13、tish accents.older and more different from British accents.第3页/共48页2023/4/175An IntroductionAn Introduction (3)(3)n nAn accent shows where a person comes from and,to an extent,what class he An accent shows where a person comes from and,to an extent,what class he or she belongs to.or she belongs to.R
14、eceived PronunciationReceived Pronunciation(RP)or BBC English(so called (RP)or BBC English(so called because it is used by BBC announcers)is the accent of the southeast England.because it is used by BBC announcers)is the accent of the southeast England.It has been associated with power and upper cla
15、ss since the fourteenth It has been associated with power and upper class since the fourteenth century.At that time the King,the royal court and the government settled in century.At that time the King,the royal court and the government settled in London,and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge,b
16、oth in the southeast,London,and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge,both in the southeast,provided higher education for the whole country.People who wanted to be provided higher education for the whole country.People who wanted to be part of this powerful world had to use the same accent and la
17、nguage.In the part of this powerful world had to use the same accent and language.In the nineteenth century RP was used in public schools,universities,the nineteenth century RP was used in public schools,universities,the government,and the army to form small groups who would run the Empire.governmen
18、t,and the army to form small groups who would run the Empire.It was often impossible to get any kind of high position if you did not speak in It was often impossible to get any kind of high position if you did not speak in the right way.Attitudes in Britain have changed and regional accents are now
19、the right way.Attitudes in Britain have changed and regional accents are now more acceptable.RP accent is still important and will help people to get jobs more acceptable.RP accent is still important and will help people to get jobs and a position in society which might be denied to them if they spo
20、ke in a and a position in society which might be denied to them if they spoke in a different way.different way.第4页/共48页2023/4/176An Introduction An Introduction(4)(4)n n British and American English are varieties of the same language.However,British and American English are varieties of the same lan
21、guage.However,they differ to some extent they differ to some extent in pronunciation,vocabulary,spelling and grammarin pronunciation,vocabulary,spelling and grammar.In.In American speech,sounds are given greater length than in British English.American speech,sounds are given greater length than in B
22、ritish English.Because of this the British tend to criticize the American drawl while the Because of this the British tend to criticize the American drawl while the American may mock the clipped round of British speech.American may mock the clipped round of British speech.Everyday idiomatic Everyday
23、 idiomatic expressions frequently differexpressions frequently differ.Americans may talk about a line on the sidewalk.Americans may talk about a line on the sidewalk whereas the British will say there is a queue on the pavement.American whereas the British will say there is a queue on the pavement.A
24、merican spelling often seems simpler than the British version.The British write spelling often seems simpler than the British version.The British write humour and programme,but Americans write humor and program.humour and programme,but Americans write humor and program.There are even some difference
25、s in grammatical usage.The American can say There are even some differences in grammatical usage.The American can say I have gotten and different than.On the other hand,the British insist on I have gotten and different than.On the other hand,the British insist on I have got and different from.Howeve
26、r,in the worldwide use of English I have got and different from.However,in the worldwide use of English as an academic language these differences are incidental and insignificant.as an academic language these differences are incidental and insignificant.第5页/共48页2023/4/177An Introduction An Introduct
27、ion(5)(5)n nThe language of animals has always fascinated human beings.Through the The language of animals has always fascinated human beings.Through the ages,people have speculated on how animals communicate among themselves.ages,people have speculated on how animals communicate among themselves.Ye
28、t most of the ways that animals communicate have only been discovered in Yet most of the ways that animals communicate have only been discovered in recent years.Many animals make sounds that humans can neither recognize recent years.Many animals make sounds that humans can neither recognize nor hear
29、.Some animals communicate and mark their territory with their nor hear.Some animals communicate and mark their territory with their scents which humans are incapable of detecting.Considerable research has scents which humans are incapable of detecting.Considerable research has been carried out on th
30、e sounds whales use to talk to each other.The song of been carried out on the sounds whales use to talk to each other.The song of the blue whale is the loudest sound made by any living creature but it can only the blue whale is the loudest sound made by any living creature but it can only be felt as
31、 vibrations by humans.Scientists now estimate that whales can be felt as vibrations by humans.Scientists now estimate that whales can communicate with each other from one side of the Pacific Ocean to the municate with each other from one side of the Pacific Ocean to the other.Various attempts have b
32、een made to teach apes to talk with sign language.Various attempts have been made to teach apes to talk with sign language.Some of these apes appear to be able to hold conversations.However,there is Some of these apes appear to be able to hold conversations.However,there is considerable debate as to
33、 whether these animals are really talking,or merely considerable debate as to whether these animals are really talking,or merely responding to unconscious cues of their trainers.responding to unconscious cues of their trainers.第6页/共48页2023/4/178II.PreparationII.Preparation1.1.Group Discussion:Group
34、Discussion:How Do People How Do People Communicate?Communicate?n nWays of communication Ways of communication mainly include:language mainly include:language(spoken or written),signs,(spoken or written),signs,gestures,facial expression,gestures,facial expression,body language,body language,Braille,B
35、raille,pictures,code,beacon,flag pictures,code,beacon,flag signalssignals.n nWords GuessingWords Guessing The teacher can also ask The teacher can also ask students to act out some students to act out some words by means of non-words by means of non-verbal communication.The verbal communication.The
36、other students are asked to other students are asked to guess the word.guess the word.n ntired tired adj.adj.n n frownfrown v.n nfat fat adj.adj.n ncry cry n.n.n nnervous nervous adj.adj.n ndive dive v.v.n ncat cat n.n.1)C 2)A 3)D 4)B 1)C 2)A 3)D 4)B 第7页/共48页2023/4/179Body Language第8页/共48页2023/4/171
37、0Part Two “How I Discovered Words?How I Discovered Words?”第9页/共48页2023/4/1711I.I.BackgroundBackground Helen KellerHelen KellerHelen KellerHelen Kellern nHelen Keller was no longer able to see or hear after she was sick at the age of Helen Keller was no longer able to see or hear after she was sick a
38、t the age of 19 months.Her world was totally dark and silent.Yet Helen Keller became a 19 months.Her world was totally dark and silent.Yet Helen Keller became a teacher,writer and lecturer.She was inside the hearts of millions of people.teacher,writer and lecturer.She was inside the hearts of millio
39、ns of people.n nHow did this miracle happen?For the first six years and nine months of her How did this miracle happen?For the first six years and nine months of her life she was almost like a wild animal.Her father and mother could not life she was almost like a wild animal.Her father and mother co
40、uld not control her.She screamed and kicked because she wanted other people to control her.She screamed and kicked because she wanted other people to understand her.She wanted to communicate with them but there was no way.understand her.She wanted to communicate with them but there was no way.Finall
41、y Helens parents sent for a teacher.Her name was Anne Mansfield Finally Helens parents sent for a teacher.Her name was Anne Mansfield Sullivan.And Helen Keller s education began.Sullivan.And Helen Keller s education began.n nMiss Sullivan had once been blind herself and she was an extremely gifted M
42、iss Sullivan had once been blind herself and she was an extremely gifted teacher.She constantly spelled out words in Helens hand.At first Helen teacher.She constantly spelled out words in Helens hand.At first Helen didnt understand the connection between words and things.didnt understand the connect
43、ion between words and things.第10页/共48页2023/4/1712Helen Keller Helen Keller(2)(2)n n But once she understood this connection she was eager to learn everything.She couldnt see or hear so But once she understood this connection she was eager to learn everything.She couldnt see or hear so she learned by
44、 touch and feeling.Helen also learned foreign languages:French,German,Latin and she learned by touch and feeling.Helen also learned foreign languages:French,German,Latin and Greek.She learned to write and speak.Helen always wanted to do what other people did.She went to Greek.She learned to write an
45、d speak.Helen always wanted to do what other people did.She went to college and her teacher went with her and helped her graduate with honors.college and her teacher went with her and helped her graduate with honors.n nThrough her lectures and her writing Helen Keller reached millions of people.Her
46、life is an inspiration Through her lectures and her writing Helen Keller reached millions of people.Her life is an inspiration to people everywhere.(234 words)to people everywhere.(234 words)n n1.At the age of 19 months.2.She was almost like a wild animal.3.By touch and feeling.4.Four.They 1.At the
47、age of 19 months.2.She was almost like a wild animal.3.By touch and feeling.4.Four.They are:French,German,Latin and Greek.are:French,German,Latin and Greek.第11页/共48页2023/4/1713n nAmerican lecturer and writer Helen Keller American lecturer and writer Helen Keller overcame severe physical dis-abilitie
48、s,inspiring overcame severe physical dis-abilities,inspiring many other people to similar many other people to similar accomplishments.Deaf and blind from the age of accomplishments.Deaf and blind from the age of 19 months,Keller learned to communicate with the 19 months,Keller learned to communicat
49、e with the help of her teacher,Anne Sullivan.Sullivan taught Keller help of her teacher,Anne Sullivan.Sullivan taught Keller to read Braille and to“listen”by feeling a speakerto read Braille and to“listen”by feeling a speaker s face.s face.Keller graduated from Radcliffe College in 1904 and Keller g
50、raduated from Radcliffe College in 1904 and authored a number of books about her experiences.authored a number of books about her experiences.Helen Keller(1880-1968)(1880-1968)Helen Keller第12页/共48页2023/4/1714Helen Keller n nHer writings include Her writings include The Story of My LifeThe Story of M