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1、_ 2022年5月编讲英 语 一 阅 读 理 解衔接讲义2022年5月编讲2012年英语一真题阅读理解(共四篇)Text 1Come onEverybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good一drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club
2、,Tina Rosenberg contends thatpeer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve theirlives and possibly the world.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host o
3、f examples of the social cure inaction:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Hazesets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known asLoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promi
4、sing,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of thelameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peer pressure forhealthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.Dare to bedifferent,please dont smokelpleads one billboard campa
5、ign aimed at reducing smoking amongteenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less pe
6、rsuasive.Join theClub is filled with too much iiTelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social andbiological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure asits presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed
7、once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes islimited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.Anemerging body of research shows that positive health habitsas well as negative onesspreadthrough networks of frie
8、nds via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure:weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peergroups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks u
9、p thetroublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic neverreally works.And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real2022年5月编讲world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pr
10、essure often emerges as.A a supplement to the social cure BJ a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to social progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors22.Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates s houl d.A recruit professional advertisers B learn from advertisers experienceCJ stay away from
11、 commercial advertisers D recognize the limitations of advertisements23.In the author,s view,Rosenberg1 s book fails to.|A adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingD produce a long-lasting social effect24
12、.Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of b e h a v i o r s.A is harmful to our networks of friends fB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing it D can produce negative health habits25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is.A harmful B desi
13、rableC profound D questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.The company,a major energysupplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced itwas reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the states strict nuclear regula
14、tions.Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:challengethe constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court,as part of a desperate effort to keep itsVermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002
15、,when the corporation bought Vermonfs onlynuclear power plant,an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for thesale,the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the p
16、lants license be subject toVermont legislatures approval.Then,too,the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didnt foreseewhat would happen next.A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in2007 and the discovery
17、 of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions aboutboth Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management-especially after the company mademisleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergys behavior,the Vennont Senate voted26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the
18、company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the2006 legislation,and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do havesome regulatory authority over
19、nuclear power,legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer aprecedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly,there are valid concerns about thepatchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept itsword,that debate would be beside the point
20、.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damagedthat it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.2022年5月编讲Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the UnitedStates,in
21、cluding Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,the companyhas applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the NuclearRegulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the companys application,it should keep in mind whatpromises from Entergy are wonh.26.The
22、phrase reneging on”(Line 3,Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to.A condemning B reaffirming C dishonoring D securing27.By entering into the 2002 agreement,Entergy intended to.A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business l
23、icense.D get permission to purchase a power plant.28.According to Paragraph 4,Entergy seems to have problems with its.A managerial practices B technical innovativenessC financial goals D business vision29.In the authors view,the Vermont case will test.A Entergys capacity to fulfill all its promisesB
24、 the nature of states patchwork regulationsC the federal authority over nuclear issuesD the limits of states*power over nuclear issues30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.A Entergy5s business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw
25、its Plymouth application.D Vermont9s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to beobserved and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out theirwork.But in the everyday practice of science,d
26、iscovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape the context of our unique lifeexperience.Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience,what we think ourexperiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinte
27、rpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly stakedmining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance totransform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility
28、process,through whichthe individual researchers me,here,now becomes the communitys anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes contro
29、l of what happens next.Within the complexsocial structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewersact as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the newfinding tosuit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scien
30、tists)receives the newdiscovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works its way through thecommunity,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the2022年5月编讲scienceand the technology involved transforms an individuaPs discovery claim into thec
31、ommunitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends to focuson some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little rewardaccompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The go
32、al isnew-search,not research.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims and crediblediscoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge andpotential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequentlyprovokes disbelief.Nobel La
33、ureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once describeddiscovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.Butthinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not changetheir views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discove
34、ry claims to be accepted andappreciated.In the end,credibility“happens“to a discovery claim-a process that corresponds to whatphilosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reaso
35、n.,31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by its.A uncertainty and complexity B misconception and deceptivenessC logicality and objectivity D systematicness and regularity32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that the credibility process r e q u i r e s.A stri
36、ct inspection B shared effortsC individual wisdom D persistent innovation33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it.A has attracted the attention of the general publicB has been examined by the scientific communityC has received recognition from editors and reviewersD has
37、been frequently quoted by peer scientists34.Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that.A scientific claims will survive challengesB discoveries today inspire future researchC efforts to make discoveries are justifiedD scientific work calls for a critical mind35.Which of the following would be
38、 the best title of the text?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.B Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.CJ Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.D Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represe
39、nt civilservants.When Hoffhs Teamsters were in their prime in 1960,only one in ten Americangovernment workers belonged to a union;now 36%do.In 2009 the number of unionists inAmericas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain,morethan half of public-sector wor
40、kers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving.First,they can shut things downwithout suffering much in the way of consequences.Second,they are mostly bright and2022年5月编讲well-educated.A quarter of Americas public-sector worke
41、rs have a university degree.Third,theynow dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britains Labor Party,as its name implies,has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state leve
42、l their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the PublicPolicy Institute of California points out that much of the states budget is patrolled by unions.Theteachers5 unions keep an eye on schools,the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups onhealth care.In many rich countries
43、average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especiallypensions that are already generous.Reform h
44、as been vigorously opposed,perhaps most egregiously in education,where charterschools,academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty ofevidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,teachers?unions havefought against getting rid of bad ones
45、and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,politicians have begun to clamp down.InWisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,the hardlineRepublican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system,too.John Don
46、ahue at Harvards Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Westerncivil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only Americanpublic-sector workers who earn well above$250,000 a year are university sports coaches and thepresident of the United States.Ba
47、nkers5 fat pay packets have attracted much criticism,but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem forAmerica.36.l t can be learned from the first paragraph that.A Teamsters still have a large body of membersB Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servantC
48、unions have enlarged their public-sector membershipD the government has improved its relationship with unionists37.Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?A Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.B Education is required for public-sector union membership.C Labor Party has long been
49、 fighting against public-sector unions.D Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is.A illegally secured B indirectly augmentedC excessively increased D fairly adjusted39.The example of the unions in Wiscon
50、sin shows that uni ons.A often run against the current political systemB can change peoples political attitudesC may be a barrier to public-sector reformsD are dominant in the government40.John Donahues attitude towards the public-sector system is one of.A disapproval B appreciation C tolerance D in