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1、绝密启用前2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英 语（一）试题（科目代码：201）考生注意事项仝1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
2、必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early2000s;
3、the term 44plant neurobiology”was J around the notion that some aspects ofplant behavior could be 2 to intelligence in animals.3 plants lack brains,thefiring of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that_ 4 consciousness,researchers previously reported.But such
4、 an idea is untrue,according to a new opinion article.Plant biology iscomplex and fascinating,but it 5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called6 of plants9 intelligence is inconclusive,the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006,some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cellsthat interact
5、 with hormones and neurotransmitters,8 a plant nervous system,9 to that in animals,M said lead study author Lincoln Taiz.4 4 They 10 claimedthat plants have 4 brain-like command centers,at their root tips.”This 11 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,12it to an array of electr
6、ical pulses;cells in plants also communicate through electricalsignals.13,the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in acomplex animal brain,which is more than“a mass of cells that communicate byelectricity,M Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve,a brain with a threshold 15 of compl
7、exity andcapacity is required/1 he 16.u Since plants dont have nervous systems,the 17that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And whafs so great about consciousness,anyway?Plants cant run away from18,so investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel painwould be a very 20
8、 evolutionary strategy,according to the article.英语（一）试 题.1.（共14页）1.A coined B discoveredC collectedD issued2.A attributed B directedC comparedD confined3.A UnlessB WhenC OnceD Though4.A coped with B consisted ofC hinted atD extended to5.A suffers B benefitsC develops D differs6.A acceptance B eviden
9、ce C cultivationD creation7.A doubted B deniedC arguedD requested8.A adapting B formingC repairingD testing9.A analogous B essentialC suitableD sensitive10.A just B everC stillD even11.A restriction B experimentC perspectiveD demand12.A attaching B reducingC returningD exposing13.A However B Moreove
10、rC ThereforeD Otherwise14.A temporarily B literallyC superficially D imaginarily15.A list B levelC labelD load16.A recalled B agreedC questioned D added17.A chances B risksC excuses D assumptions18.A danger B failureC warning D control19.A represents B includesC reveals D recognizes20.A humbleB poor
11、C practicalD easySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,Cor D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)英语（一）试 题.2.（共14页）Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable.Water bottles,shoppin
12、g bags,and other trash litter the planet,from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench,becauseplastics are everywhere and dont break down easily.But some plastic materials changeover time.They crack and frizzle.They“weep”out additives.They melt into sludge.All of which creates huge headaches for institut
13、ions,such as museums,trying topreserve culturally important objects.The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying:early radios,avant-garde sculptures,celluloid animation stills from Disney films,the firstartificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plast
14、ic art didntalways know how to mix ingredients properly,says Thea van Oosten,a polymer chemistwho,until retiring a few years ago,worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agencyof the Netherlands(RCE).Its like baking a cake:If you dont have exact amounts,itgoes wrong,she says.uThe object you make
15、is already a time bomb.”And sometimes,ifs not the artisfs fault.In the 1960s,the Italian artist Piero Gilardibegan to create hundreds of bright,colorful fbam pieces.Those pieces included smallbeds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen 4 4 nature carpetsMlarge rectanglesdecorated with fbam
16、pumpkins,cabbages,and watermelons.He wanted viewers to walkaround on the carpets-which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately,the polyurethane fbam he used is inherently unstable.Ifs especiallyvulnerable to light damage,and by the mid-1990s,Gilardis pumpkins,roses,and otherfigures were splitting
17、 and crumbling.Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and colleagues worked to preserve Gilardfs sculptures.Theyinfused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.Van Oosten calls thosechemicals u sunscreensn because their goal was to prevent further light damage andrebuil
18、d worn polymer fibers.She is proud that several sculptures have even gone ondisplay again,albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oostens,preservation of plastics will likely getharder.Old objects continue to deteriorate.Worse,biodegradable plastics,designed todisi
19、ntegrate,are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects.Joana Lia Ferreira,an assistantprofessor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science andTechnology,notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of humanhistory-Stone Age,Iron Age,a
20、nd so on一after examining artifacts in museums.Wenow live in an age of plastic,she says,“and what we decide to collect today,what wedecide to preserve.will have a strong impact on how in the future well be seen.”英语（一）试 题.3.（共14页）21.According to Paragraph 1,museums are faced with difficulties inA main
21、taining their plastic items.B obtaining durable plastic artifacts.C handling outdated plastic exhibits.D classifying their plastic collections.22.Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects areA immune to decay.B improperly shaped.C inherently flawed.D complex in structure.23.Museums stopped ex
22、hibiting some of Gilardis artworks toA keep them from hurting visitors.B duplicate them for future display.C have their ingredients analyzed.D prevent them from further damage.24.The author thinks that preservation of plastics isA costly.B unworthy.C unpopular.D challenging.25.In Ferreiras opinion,p
23、reservation of plastic artifactsA will inspire future scientific research.B has profound historical significance.C will help us separate the material ages.D has an impact on todays cultural life.英语（一）试 题.4.（共14页）Text 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weighu
24、p their options,it may be worth considering just how the point,purpose and value of adegree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stageof their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school,got a decent degree,you wouldbe set up for lif
25、e.But that promise has been found wanting.As degrees becameuniversal,they became devalued.Education was no longer a secure route of socialmobility.Today,28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles,apercentage which is double the average among the OECD countries.This is not to say th
26、at there is no point in getting a degree,but rather stress that adegree is not for everyone,that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not aninevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully,there are signs that this is already happening,with Generation Zseeking to learn from the
27、ir millennial predecessors,even if parents and teachers tend tobe still set in the degree mindset.Employers have long seen the advantages of hiringschool leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employeesthan graduates.Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree
28、 requirementfor certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route,consider that this may well be thefirst of many.In this age of generalists,it pays to have specific knowledge or skills.Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates.When more and more of ushave a degree,it makes
29、 sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21;they willneed to be constantly upskilling throughout their career to stay employable.It has beenestimated that this generation,due to the pressures of technology,the wish for personalfulfilment and desire for
30、 diversity,will work fbr 17 different employers over the courseof their working life and have five different careers.Education,and not just knowledgegained on campus,will be a core part of Generation Zs career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal ten
31、se:41am a geographer*or 41 am a classicist1.Their sons or daughters would never say sucha thing;ifs as if they already know that their degree wont define them in the same way.英语（一）试 题.5.（共14页）26.The author suggests that Generation Z shouldA be careful in choosing a college.B be diligent at each educ
32、ational stage.C reassess the necessity of college education.D postpone their undergraduate application.27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflectsA MillenniaFs opinion about work.B the shrinking value of a degree.C public discontent with education.D the desired route of social m
33、obility.28.The author considers it a good sign thatA Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.B school leavers are willing to be skilled workers.C employers are taking a realistic attitude to degree.D parents are changing their minds about education.29.It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those
34、 with one degree shouldA make an early decision on their career.B attend on-the-job training programs.C team up with high-paid postgraduates.D further their studies in a specific field.30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?A Lifelong learning will define them.B The
35、y will make qualified educators.C Degrees will no longer appeal them.D They will have a limited choice of jobs.英语（一）试 题.6.（共14页）Text 3Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.These were some of the words thatNature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a seriesof
36、 articles on partnerships between artists and researchers.Nearly 40%of the roughly350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said,they had collaborated withartists;and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging result is not surprising.Scientists are increasingl
37、y seeking outvisual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences.Artists helpscientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhancelearning,n one respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came lastmonth when the
38、 Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of AntonioVivaldis The Four Seasons.They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting thelatest climate prediction data for each seasonprovided by Monash Universitys ClimateChange Communication Research Hub.The performance was a creative call
39、 to actionahead of Novembers United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow,UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.Fewer artists than scientistsresponded to the Nature poll,however,several respondents noted that artists do notsimply assist scientists with their communication requ
40、irements.Nor should their work beconsidered only as an object of study.The alliances are most valuable when scientistsand artists have a shared stake in a project,are able to jointly design it and can critiqueeach othefs work.Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result inpowerful
41、 art.More than half a century ago,the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened itsCenter for Advanced Visual Studies(CAVS)to explore the role of technology in culture.The founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hence the“visualstudiesM in the name.Light was a something that bot
42、h artists and scientists had aninterest in,and therefore could form the basis of collaboration.As science andtechnology progressed,and divided into more sub-disciplines,the centre wassimultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists,writersand poets,and vice versa.Natur
43、es poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever,but,to make acollaboration work,both sides need to invest time,and embrace surprise and challenge.The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of researchcommunication,and participants must not fall into the t
44、rap of stereotyping each other.Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention,and challenge andcritique are core to both,too.英语（一）试 题.7.（共 14页）31.According to Paragraph 1,art-science collaborations haveA caught the attention of critics.B received favorable responses.C promoted
45、academic publishing.D sparked heated public disputes.32.The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show thatA art can offer audiences easy access to science.B science can help with the expression of emotions.C public participation in science has a promising future.D art is effective in
46、 facilitating scientific innovations.33.Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnershipA their role may be underestimated.B their reputation may be impaired.C their creativity may be inhibited.D their work may be misguided.34.What does the author say about CAVS?A It was headed altern
47、ately by artists and scientists.B It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.C Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.D Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.35.In the last paragraph,the author holds that art-science collaborationsA are likely to go beyond public expectations
48、.B will intensify interdisciplinary competition.C should do more than communicating science.D are becoming more popular than before.英语（一）试 题.8.（共14页）Text 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealands Employment Relations Act2000(ERA)prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause
49、.Instead,dismissals must be justified.Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurallyfair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workersfrom w unjustified dismissals.The premise was that the common law of contract lackedsufficient safeguards fbr worker
50、s against arbitrary conduct by management.Long goneare the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties fbr businesses when applied to highly paidmanagers and executives.As countless boards and business owners will attest,constraining fir