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1、大学英语语法大学英语语法讲解讲解情态动词的完成时情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法表示对过去的说法)vmust+have+过去分词过去分词（用于肯（用于肯定句）一定已经定句）一定已经.vThe light is still on.They must have forgotten to turn it off when they left the room.v注注:mustnt have done vcant(couldnt)+have+过去分词过去分词（用于否定或疑问句）不可能（用于否定或疑问句）不可能.vHe cannot have been to that town for I saw h
2、im just now.v should/ought to+have+过去分词过去分词 本应该做本应该做(却没有做却没有做).vAs his best friend,you should/ought to have helped him.(but in fact,you didnt.)vshouldnt/ought not to+have+过过去分词去分词 本不应该做本不应该做(却做了却做了).v You shouldnt have parked your car here,for its a public place.vneednt+have+过去分词过去分词 本不必做本不必做vYou ne
3、ednt have waited for me.I told you yesterday I would overwork.with vwith+donevWith the homework finished,the boy went out.vwith+doingvWith the old man leading the way,we finally find the house.vwith+prepvWith the light on,all the students went out of the classroom.虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气的用法v概念：表示说话人的愿望、假设、概念：表示
4、说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示特殊形式来表示 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句虚拟语气用于条件状语从句(1)与过去事实相反与过去事实相反vIfhad+done,would(should,could,might)+have+donevIf you had taken my advice,you wouldnt have failed in the exam.v与现在事实相反与现在事实相反vIf+did(bewere)，would(should,could,might)+dovIf
5、he had time,he would attend the meeting.vIf I were you,I should study English.v与将来事实相反与将来事实相反vIf+did(bewere)/were to/should+do,would(should,could,might)+dovIf you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.vIf it were to rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.v虚拟语气用于宾语从句虚拟语气用于宾语从句v在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面
6、在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面的宾语从句中用的宾语从句中用(should)+do。v如如:advise,suggest,propose,request,require,insist,demand,order,command,desire vWe suggested that we(should)have a meeting.vWe insisted that the meeting(should)be cancelled.v注意注意：suggest 作作“暗示，表明暗示，表明”解时，解时，insist 作作“坚决认为坚决认为”解时解时不用虚拟语气，而用一般的时态不用虚拟语气，而用一般的时态
7、。vMike insisted that he had never stolen anything.vHer sun-tanned face suggested that she was in excellent health.v虚拟语气用于主语从句虚拟语气用于主语从句vIt is necessary(important,natural,strange,essential,etc.)that sb(should)+动词原形动词原形 vThis is a very difficult operation.It is essential that you be prepared for emerg
8、ency.vIt is be suggested(desired,ordered,proposed,advised,etc.)that sb(should)+dov虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句v作作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request，wish等名词的表语从句、等名词的表语从句、同位语从句。其谓语动词用同位语从句。其谓语动词用(should)+动词原形动词原形vWe all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Beijing
9、for sightseeing.vit is(high)time sb+did vIt is(high)time we left.v虚拟语气用于虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹引导的感叹句中句中(要是要是就好了就好了)vIf only I had taken his advice.vaccount for:解释某事物的原因解释某事物的原因vPlease account for your rude behavior.vbring up:抚养抚养vShe was brought up by her aunt.vget through:(设法设法)完成完成;(使使)通过通过vThere is a
10、 lot of work to get through.vShe got all her pupils through the test.vtry to do:设法做某事设法做某事vWe try to finish the work on time.vendeavor(fml.)to do:设法做某事设法做某事vWe endeavor to finish the work on time.vsucceed(in)doing 成功做某事成功做某事vWe succeed in finishing the work on time.vas a result:结果结果vAs a result,two
11、people were killed in the accident.vby the way:顺便顺便vBy the way,please give it to Mary.von the contrary:与此相反与此相反vIt doesnt seem ugly to me;on the contrary,I think its rather beautiful.vpick out:挑出挑出vHe picked out the ripe peach.vmake out:辨认辨认vCan you make out what that sign says?vgive off:发出发出(蒸汽蒸汽,光
12、等光等)vThe food gave off a bad smell.vseparate:分开分开vseparatefromvcompare:比较比较vcompareto/withvcontrast:vcontrast(to/with)对比，相对比，相比比vcome up with:提出提出vHe came up a new idea for increasing sales.vcatch up with:赶上赶上vAfter a term,she caught up with the other students in her class.vkeep up with:跟上跟上vWe shou
13、ld keep up with the pace of the modern society.定语从句定语从句 v在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫词叫先行词先行词。引导定语从句的关系。引导定语从句的关系代词有代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等和关系副词等和关系副词when,where,why等。他们在定语从句中担任句等。他们在定语从句中担任句子成分。子成分。vwho（代替人）（代替人）:vI know the man who/that is standing under the
14、tree over there.vwhom:vThe doctor(whom)you are looking for is in the room.vWho stands near the river is our school.vwhose（可代替人和物）（可代替人和物）vDo you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?vI live in a room whose windows face south.vwhich（代替物）（代替物）vThe building which stands near the river is our school.vthat
15、(可代替人和物可代替人和物)vThe letter(that)I received was from my father.v注意注意:在下面几种情况下必须用在下面几种情况下必须用“that”v1.先行词是不定代词：先行词是不定代词：all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything vAll that(what)we have to do is to practise every day.v2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。所修饰。vThe first lesson(that)I learned will never
16、be forgotten.v3.先行词被先行词被all,any every,few,little,no,some等修饰。等修饰。v I have read all the books(that)you gave me.vwhen vI will never forget the day when I met Mr.Liu.vwhere This is the place where we lived for 5 years.vwhyv I know the reason why he came late.v限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间
17、不用逗号分开。部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。v非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能省略，不用省略，不用that。vI have two sisters,who are both students.v关系代词关系代词which，as可指代前面整可指代前面整句话的内容。句话的内容。vAs we all know,he studies very hard.vP184第49题倒装句倒装句v英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法结构的需
18、要，可以将谓语的全部或结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象叫做倒装。叫做倒装。全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。v以以 out,in,up,down,away,here,there,等副词开头的句子里。等副词开头的句子里。vHere comes the bus.部分倒装：部分倒装：把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前否定副词提前的句型中，否定副词有否定副词提前的句型中，否定副词有hardly,not,nowhere,seldom,not only,scarcely,never,littl
19、e,at no time,in no circumstance.vI shall never do this again.vNever shall I do this again.v如：P184第52、53题、P206 第48题、P230 第47题 vrelieve:解除或减轻解除或减轻(痛苦、忧虑等痛苦、忧虑等)vrelate:vrelateto/with把把和和联系起来联系起来vretain:保持；保留保持；保留vignore:忽视；忽略忽视；忽略vneglect:忽视；忽略忽视；忽略vrefuse:拒绝拒绝vas for(sb./sth.):至于至于vAs for you,you sho
20、uld be ashamed of yourself.vbesides:除了除了vBesides me,they all went to the Summer Palace.vexcept:除了除了vExcept me,they all went to the Summer Palace.vsufficient:充足的，充分的充足的，充分的veffective:有效的有效的vefficient:有能力的，有效率的有能力的，有效率的vrespective:各自的，分别的各自的，分别的vprogress:进步，进展进步，进展vproceed:继续前进，继续下去继续前进，继续下去vpromote:推
21、销推销vpropose:建议，计划建议，计划分词做状语分词做状语 v分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原因，行为方式，伴随状况等。因，行为方式，伴随状况等。v1.现在分词有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和现在分词有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为，完成谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为，完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。作。v v 主主 动动 被被 动动v一般式一般式 doing being+donev完成式完成式 having+done having+beenv +do
22、nevBeing a student,I must study hard.(原因原因)vHaving been examined by the doctor,the patient went home.v注意：注意：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。语。vTime permitting,I will finish another lesson.vP195 第第46、47题题、P219 第第53题题、P231 第第52题题v过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动动词之
23、前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。含义。vThe teacher stood there,surrounded by the students.vHe lay half dead,with all his fibs broken.vP172 第第49题题 vrepresent:代表；代表；描绘，塑造；陈述描绘，塑造；陈述vpresent:将某物赠予或交给某人将某物赠予或交给某人vsupply:供应供应vsupply sb.with sth.vSupply sth.to sb.vexplode:爆炸爆炸vexpand:扩大扩大vexpose:暴露暴露vexposeto将将暴露于暴露于vexplore
24、:开发开发vspread:展开展开vdisplay:展示，陈列展示，陈列vlocate:位于，坐落于位于，坐落于vbe located invinstance:事例事例vcharacter:性格；人物性格；人物vitem:条款，项目条款，项目vdetail:细节细节vlook out:小心；向外看小心；向外看vlook after:照顾照顾vlook into:调查调查vlook on:旁观旁观voccasion:时刻，场合时刻，场合vsituation:状况，处境状况，处境vin a situationvcondition:条件条件vunder/inconditionvenvironment
25、:环境环境vI could do nothing but accept it.vI could say nothing but to accept it.vexcept that:除了除了vShe remembered nothing about her except that her hair is black.vexcept for:除了除了vIt is a good article except for some spelling mistakes.vbut for:要不是要不是vBut for the rain,we would have had a nice holiday.vIt
26、is.beforevIt is.sincevIt is five years since we left school.vcontain:包含，包括包含，包括vThe story contains 3 parts.vsecure:保护，使某物安全保护，使某物安全vThe law can secure the civil rights the old people.vreserve:保留保留vThese seats are reserved for the special guests.vmaintain:保持保持vsufficiently:充足地充足地vapproximately:大概地大概地
27、vconsiderably:很，相当地很，相当地vproperly:正确地正确地vcome across:碰巧遇到碰巧遇到vcome up:长出地面长出地面vThe grass are just beginning to come up.vcome to:到达；等于某数到达；等于某数vThe bill comes to$30.vWhen we came to the room,no one were in it.vcome over:从一地来到另一地从一地来到另一地vWhy dont you come over to England for a holiday?vimpression:印象印象
28、vHis speech made a strong impression on us.vreaction:反应反应vcomment:评论评论vDo you have any comment on this matter?vother:另外的另外的vSome people are singing,and other people are dancing.vbenefit:使使(某人某人)受好处受好处vThe policy will benefit all the people.vaffect:影响影响vSmoking will affect you health.vguide:指导，引导指导，引
29、导vHe guided me to my seat.veffect:使发生，引起使发生，引起veffect a changevin relation to:与与有关有关vThis matter is in relation to many people.vin contrast to:与与对比对比vHer white hair is in sharp contrast to her dark skin.vin excess of:过度过度vHe was in excess of alcohol.vin favor of:支持支持vat heart:内心里内心里;基本上基本上vIm a coun
30、try girl at heart.vin person:亲身，亲自亲身，亲自vYou must come here in person.von purpose:故意的故意的vHe did that on purpose.vby nature:天生的天生的祈使句祈使句,and.If ,.If we had had five minutesearlier,we could have caughtthe last train.vcant help but do禁不住做某事禁不住做某事vcant help doing禁不住做某事禁不住做某事vWe cant help laughing.vThere
31、is no point(in)doing sth.v做做没有什么意义没有什么意义/作用作用vturn over:(使使)翻身或翻转翻身或翻转vShe turned over and slept.vturn up:(声音声音)调大调大;出现出现vturn on:打开打开;vPlease turn on the TV.vturn down:(声音声音)调低调低;拒绝拒绝vIts too noisy;please turn down the radio.vMy advice is turned down.vcontribute to:捐助；贡献捐助；贡献vpromote:提升，提高；推销提升，提高；
32、推销vrefer:vrefer to:提起，说到提起，说到vDont refer to the man again.vmatter:关系重大；要紧关系重大；要紧vIt doesnt matter.vcultivate:耕作；陶冶耕作；陶冶vReading is the best way to cultivate ones mind.vraise:举起；提升；抚养举起；提升；抚养vPlease raise your hand.vadopt:收养收养vacquire:获得获得vHe studied hard and acquired a good knowledge of English.vapp
33、ly:vapply tofor向向申请申请vHe applied to the government for a passport.vdemand:要求要求vThe workers are demanding a better pay.vanticipate:期望，预料期望，预料vsuppose:以为，料想以为，料想vWhat do you suppose he wants?vsensible:明智的，通情达理的明智的，通情达理的vsensitive:易受伤害的；敏感的易受伤害的；敏感的vsevere:严格的，严厉的；非常恶严格的，严厉的；非常恶劣的劣的vsolemn:严肃的，庄重的严肃的，庄重的vobviously:显而易见地显而易见地vsurprisingly:令人吃惊地令人吃惊地vparticularly:特别地，尤其地特别地，尤其地vnormally:正常地正常地vaffair:事情，事件事情，事件vaccident:事故事故vincident:小事小事vemergency:紧急事件，紧急情紧急事件，紧急情况况