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1、v动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式第1页/共75页时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 to write to write to be to be written written 进行式进行式 to be to be writing writing 完成式完成式 to have to have written written to have to have been been written written 完成进行式完成进行式to have been to have been writing writing 第2页/共75页1.1.作主语作
2、主语侧重于动作的具体性和将来性To play basketballTo play basketball is a great pleasure.is a great pleasure.但为使句子平衡但为使句子平衡,常用常用it it 代它作主语代它作主语,把它移到句把它移到句子后部去子后部去.It It is a great pleasureis a great pleasure to play basketball.to play basketball.(二)、不定式的句法功能主语 宾语表语定语状语第3页/共75页2.作宾语A.跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:（）hope,want,expect,
3、wish,desire,like,love,dislike,hate,plan,intend,mean,prepare,decide,determine,afford,fail,manage,try、dare,help,promise、refuse、learn、offer、agree、forget ,bother.第4页/共75页vB.常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:vtell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,explainvtellsbwhattodo第5页/共75页3.3.作表语作表语A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。He i
4、s He is to marry Roseto marry Rose.B.B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。Her wish was to become an artist.C.表示情态意义(应该,必须)。The form is to be filled in and returned within a week.She isShe is to blame to blame.第6页/共75页4.4.不定式作定语不定式作定语A.一般表示将发生的情况，放在名词后。Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.(主谓关系)
5、She has a good chance to go to college.(同位关系)He has got lots of questions to ask.(动宾关系)第7页/共75页vv注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词,它后面应有必要的介词。vvThere is nothing to worry about.vv2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的地点或所使用的工具时,它后面要带上必要的介词。vvI need a pen to write with.vvHe is looking for a room to live in.第8页/共75页
6、5.5.不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词A.let,have,make,get等表使役的动词They made us go with them.注意:Let/have/make sb.do;get sb.to doThey got us to go with them.vB.ask,tell,request,order等表要求,命令的动词vThechairmanrequestedthememberstobesilent.第9页/共75页vC.allow,permit,forbid等表许可或禁止的动词Theguardforbademetoe
7、nter.D.wish,want,expect,intend等表希望的动词(hope无此用法)Manyparentsexpecttheirchildrentostudyabroad.E.seesee、watchwatch、noticenotice、hearhear、listen tolisten to、observeobserve、feelfeel等表感官的动词等表感官的动词I noticed tears come into his eyes.I noticed tears come into his eyes.We often hear her sing the song at We oft
8、en hear her sing the song at home.home.注注:感官动词后的不定式均不带感官动词后的不定式均不带toto 第10页/共75页vF.其他动词vadvise,help,persuade,encourage,warn,cause,force,remindvPleaseremindmetotaketheraincoat.第11页/共75页6.6.不定式作状语不定式作状语1 1)不定式作目的状语Tim sat near the fire to get warm.The athletes practised hard to win the match.强调作目的状语的不
9、定式,常用inorder(not)to，soas(not)to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。第12页/共75页 2).2).不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语 作结果状语的不定式作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中。如常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too to,enough to:too to,enough to，sufficient tosufficient to，only toonly to，never tonever to，so+so+形容词形容词/副词副词 +as to,+as to,such+such+名词名词+as to do+as to do引导。引导。Wou
10、ld you be so kind as to step this way,please?Would you be so kind as to step this way,please?I tried the door,only to find it locked inside.I tried the door,only to find it locked inside.第13页/共75页Practice1(09江江苏苏,26）SchoolsacrossChinaareexpectedtohire50,000collegegraduates this year as short-termtea
11、chers,almost three times thenumber hired last year,_reduceunemploymentpressures.A.helpB.helpedC.tohelpD.havinghelpedC第14页/共75页2(09全国)Thechildrenallturned_thefamousactressassheenteredtheclassroom.A.lookedatB.tolookatC.tolookingatD.lookatB3(09山东，22)Weareinvitedtoaparty_inourclubnextFriday.A.tobeheldB.
12、heldC.beingheldD.holdingA第15页/共75页4(09辽宁，27)_,youneedtogiveallyouhaveandtryyourbest.A.BeingawinnerB.TobeawinnerC.BeawinnerD.Havingbeenawinner5.(09安徽，28)The play _ nextmonth aims mainly to reflect the localculture.A.producedB.beingproducedC.tobeproducedD.havingbeenproducedBC第16页/共75页时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态
13、 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving donehaving been having been done done v(一).动名词动名词的语法形式vv动名词动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.二、动名词二、动名词第17页/共75页(二)、动名词的句法功能v具有名词的特征,可充当成分:v主语宾语表语定语第18页/共75页1.动名词作主语Seeing is believing.Playing chess is fun.Its no use waiting here.动名词作主语,也
14、可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:第19页/共75页v1）动名词在“Itisnouse/nogood/fun/awasteoftime/agoodpleasure等名词+doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：vItisnogoodwritingtohim;heneveranswersletters.vItisnousetalkingtoomuch.第20页/共75页2）动名词在“It is useless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhile 等形容词+doing”结构中作主语。例如：It is nice playing chess after su
15、pper.v3）动名词在“Thereis(was)no+doing”结构中作主语。例如：vThereisnodenyingthatsheisveryefficient.第21页/共75页2.2.动名词作表语动名词作表语 动名词作表语起名词作用动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容表示主语的内容,这这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。The nurses job is looking after the patients.=Looking after the patients is the nurses job.Four skills of English le
16、arning Four skills of English learning areare listening,speaking,reading and listening,speaking,reading and writingwriting.=listening,speaking,reading and listening,speaking,reading and writing writing areare four skills of English four skills of English learning.learning.v注:动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别。
17、在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。第22页/共75页3.3.动名词作定语动名词作定语 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系.。表示名词用途。a racing car=a car that is used to racea swimming pool=a pool that is used to swim in 单个的动名词作定语定语,放在被放在被修饰的词前;动名词短语作定语定语,放在被放在被修饰的词语后;Do you know the sleeping car on show?The boy sitting under th
18、e tree is reading.第23页/共75页4.动名词作宾语 1 1）动名词作）动名词作动词动词宾语宾语下列动词后只能接动名词：下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,apprecia
19、te,escape,permitimagine,keep,appreciate,escape,permit。I cant I cant imagineimagine marryingmarrying a girl of that sort.a girl of that sort.I I recommendrecommend buyingbuying the dictionary.the dictionary.Will you Will you admitadmit having brokenhaving broken the window?the window?第24页/共75页vv有些动词短
20、语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：vvput off,give up,look forward to,feel like,have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth.devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be fond of,stick to,be worth,cantstand,canthelp.第25页/共75页2 2）动名词作）动名词作介词宾语宾语注意:介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式。Are you good at playing football?其他介词不易错,重点是介词t
21、o.因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语。look forward to,devoteto,get used to,pay attention to,stick to,on ones way to这些短语中的to都是介词。I am used to watching TV in the evening.第26页/共75页1.The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A.find B.to find C.on finding D.in finding2.Its necessary to
22、be prepared for a job interview._ the answers ready will be of great help.A.To have had B.Having had C.Have D.Having高考点击高考点击第27页/共75页3.I really cant understand _ her like that.A.you treat B.you to treat C.why treat D.you treating4.He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk _ the
23、good opportunity.A.to lose B.losing C.to be lost D.being lost第28页/共75页三、分词现在分词与过去分词.充当成分:宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.第29页/共75页（一）现在分词第30页/共75页(1).现在分词现在分词现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同.时态时态 语态语态主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving donehaving been having been
24、 done done 第31页/共75页(2)、现在分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:表语定语,宾语补足语,状语第32页/共75页1.1.现在分词作表语现在分词作表语现在分词作表语起形容词作用分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为常译为”使使(令令)怎样。怎样。”如如:The newsThe news is is very very disappointingdisappointing.His story His story isis very very movingmoving.(Encouraging,in
25、spiring,exciting,interesting.)(Encouraging,inspiring,exciting,interesting.)第33页/共75页2.2.现在分词作定语现在分词作定语现在分词作定语现在分词作定语,表示主动意义表示主动意义,它与所修饰它与所修饰的名词构成的名词构成 主谓关系主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。A.A.表示动作正在进行表示动作正在进行 Dont wake up Dont wake up thethe sleepingsleeping boyboy.=Dont wake up=
26、Dont wake up the boythe boy who is who is sleepingsleepingI don t know I don t know the manthe man writing writing somethingsomething over there.over there.=I don t know=I don t know the manthe man who is who is writing somethingwriting something over there.over there.第34页/共75页3.3.现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补
27、足语用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；A.作感官动词的宾补宾补,如如:see,look at:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell taste,feel listen to,hear,smell taste,feel 表示正在进行的意义表示正在进行的意义We We found found them them readingreading in the in the classroom.classroom.第35页/共75页4.4.现在
28、分词作状语现在分词作状语现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果,让步、伴随或方式等状语。vB.作使役动词的宾补,如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch表示”使进行/处于(某种状态)”,强调动作或状态的持续性.vvCanyoukeeptheclockgoing?第36页/共75页1)作时间状语,可以表示三个时间概念A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于“as soon as”引导的时间状语从句Hearing the good news,he jumped up with joy.=As soon as he heard the good news,he=On hearin
29、g the good news,he 第37页/共75页vB.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while引导的时间状语从句。vWalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.v=When/WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.v=When/Whilewalkinginthestreet,Icameacross第38页/共75页 C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如:Having done his homework,the boy
30、went out to play.Having written his composition,he began to do his Maths homework.v2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as引导的原因状语从句。第39页/共75页A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生Beingill,hedidntgotoschool.=Because/Ashewasill,hedidntgoNotknowingwhattodonext,hewenttohisteacherforadvice.=Because/Ashedidntknowwhattodonext,hewentto第40页/共75页B.如
31、果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。Having seen the film many times,he didnt go to see it last night.v3)作条件状语,相当于由if引导的条件状语从句(If)Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfind第41页/共75页4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句Although/Though getting up early,he was late for the meeting.=Although/Thoug
32、h he got up early,he was late for the meeting.第42页/共75页v5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。vTheysatthereonthestone,talkingwitheachother.v=Theysatthereonthestoneandtalkedwitheachother.v注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语,且常放于主句后。第43页/共75页6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。The mother died,leaving five ch
33、ildren behind.They fired at the enemy,killing two.现在分词无论作何种状语现在分词无论作何种状语,它的逻辑主语必它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语须是句子的主语,句子的句子的 主语可能是分词动主语可能是分词动作的执行者作的执行者,句子的句子的 主语也可能是分词动作主语也可能是分词动作的承受者。的承受者。第44页/共75页但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中,分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有:1)generally/strickly/+speaking2)Judgingfrom/talkingof/allowingfor.3)
34、Consideringthat/seeingthat/supposingthat第45页/共75页注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。第46页/共75页1._ the program,they have to stay there for another two weeks.A.Not completing B.Not completedC.No completing D.Not having complete
35、d（原因状语）（原因状语）高考点击高考点击Practice第47页/共75页2The manager,_ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us,left the meeting room.（时间或伴随状语）Awho has made Bhaving made Cmade Dmaking3The storm left,_a lot of damage to this area.（结果状语）Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause D.causing第48页/共75页4_from other continents for m
36、illions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因状语）ABeing separatedBHaving separated CHaving been separatedDTo be separated第49页/共75页（二）过去分词第50页/共75页(1).过去分词的语法形式过去分词过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。(done)(2)、过去分词的句法功能vv具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:vv表语定语,宾语补足语,状语第5
37、1页/共75页1.过去分词作表语过去分词过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如，He is gone.The glass is broken.He was lost in thought.They were deeply moved.第52页/共75页 注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。过去分词。这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。The cup was broken by my little brother.(被动结构)The cup is broken.(系表结构)第53页/共75页2.过去分词
38、过去分词作定语 过去分词过去分词作定语,它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点:A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。The building The building built last yearbuilt last year can hold 1,000 people=The can hold 1,000 people=The building building that was built last yearthat was built last year can ca
39、n 第54页/共75页B.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动被动关系。fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retiredthe risen sun=the sun that has risen 第55页/共75页C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。The surprised look showed that he hadnt
40、expected this.=(He was surprised and his look showed his surprise)第56页/共75页The fathers loud voice made a frightened look appear on his daughters face.(The fathers daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.)第57页/共75页3.过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来作感官动词,如如:see,look at
41、,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell taste,feelhear,smell taste,feel和使役动词如如:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch的宾补宾补第58页/共75页When I walked home,I saw a man caught by the police.As soon as he returned home,he found
42、his house broken into.He kept himself covered with a blanket.第59页/共75页4.过去分词作状语过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。过去分词无论作何种状语,它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系.第60页/共75页1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。Seen from the top of the hill,the town looks even more beautiful.=If the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town=W
43、hen the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town 第61页/共75页2)作原因状语原因状语Deeply moved by the story,the children began to cry.=As/Because they were deeply moved by the story,the children.3)作让步状语让步状语Seriously Seriously woundedwounded,he still kept on fighting.,he still kept on fighting.=Although/Tho
44、ughAlthough/Though he was seriously wounded,he still kept.he was seriously wounded,he still kept.第62页/共75页4)作方式或伴随情况状语She walked out of the house,followed by her little daughter.=She walked out of the house,and was followed by her little daughter.He sat there,lost in thought.=He sat there,and was lo
45、st in thought.第63页/共75页 1._moreattention,thetreecouldhavegrownbetter.（条件状语）A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven.2.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury（定语）A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written高考点击 第64页/共75页3._inthought,healmostranintothecarinfron
46、tofhim.（原因）A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose4.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_nothingcanbedonetochangeit.（条件）A.beginsB.havingbegunB.C.beginningD.begun第65页/共75页 一、分析句子结构 解题步骤第66页/共75页1._manytimes,buthestillcouldntunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.TobetoldC.HewastoldD.Thoughhewastold分析：用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，
47、前面也是个独立句子，故选C。第67页/共75页2._manytimes,hestillcouldntunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.TobetoldC.HewastoldD.Thoughhewastold分析：句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。第68页/共75页二、分析逻辑主语非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。第69页/共75页1._nobuses,wehavetow
48、alkhome.2._Sunday,Ishallhaveaquietdayathome.A.TherebeingB.ItwereC.TherewereD.Itbeing分析：句1.表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“the buses”，故选A。句2.同理选D。第70页/共75页三、分析语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。第71页/共75页1._fromspace,theearthlooksblue.2._fromspace,wecanseetheearthisblue.A.SeenB.SeeingC.Tos
49、eeD.See这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语,因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分析：句1.“地球被看”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。句2.我们“主动看”即表主动，故选B。第72页/共75页四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。第73页/共75页1.Thebuilding_nowwillbeagym.2.Thebuilding_nextyearwillbeagym.3.Thebuilding_lastyearisagym.A.havingbeenbuiltB.tobebuiltC.beingbuiltD.built分析：句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选A，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。第74页/共75页感谢您的观看！第75页/共75页