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1、细胞的内膜系统第1页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex2.1GolgiComplex(GC)TheGolgi apparatus,Golgi body,Golgi complex,ordictyosomeisanorganellefoundinmosteukaryoticcells,includingthoseofplantsandanimals(butnotmostfungi).ThenamecomesfromItaliananatomistCamilloGolgi,whoidentifieditin1898.第2页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.Gol
2、giComplexItsprimaryfunctionistoprocessproteinstargetedtotheplasmamembrane,lysosomesorendosomesandthosethatwillbesecretedfromthecell,andsortthemwithinvesicles.Thus,itfunctionsasacentraldeliverysystemforthecell.第3页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexMostofthetransportvesiclesthatleavetheendoplasmicreticul
3、um(ER),specificallyroughER,aretransportedtotheGolgiapparatus,wheretheyaremodified,sortedandshippedtowardstheirfinaldestination.TheGolgiapparatusispresentinmosteukaryoticcells,buttendstobemoreprominentwheretherearealotofsubstances,suchasenzymes,beingsecreted.第4页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex2.2stru
4、ctureofGCThestructureandinternalfunctionoftheGolgiapparatusisquitecomplexandisthesubjectofscientificdispute.第5页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexTheGCconsists,liketheER,ofmembranousstructures.Itismadeupofastackofflattenedcisternaeandsimilarvesicles.ThecisfaceisthesidefacingtheER,themedialregionisinthe
5、middlewhilethetransfaceisdirectedtowardstheplasmamembraneThecisandtransfaceshavedifferentmembranouscompositions.第6页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第7页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexTransitionalvesiclesCis-Golginetwork(CGN)CiscisternaMedialcisternaTranscisternaTrans-Golginetwork(TGN)vacuole第8页，共58页，
6、编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第9页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第10页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第11页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第12页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第13页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex2.3functionofGCThetransportvesiclesfromtheERfusewiththecisfaceoftheGC(tothecisternae)andemptyth
7、eirproteincontentintotheGolgilumen.Theproteinsarethentransportedthroughthemedialregiontowardsthetransfaceandaremodifiedontheirway.第14页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexThetransportmechanismitselfisnotyetclear;itcouldhappenbycisternaeprogression(themovementoftheapparatusitself,buildingnewcisternaeatthe
8、cisfaceanddestroyingthematthetransface)orbyvesicular transport(smallvesiclestransporttheproteinsfromonecisternatothenext,whilethecisternaeremainunchanged).第15页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexLately,itisalsoproposedthatthecisternaeareinterconnectedandthetransportofcargomoleculeswithintheGolgiisduetod
9、iffusion,whilethelocalizationofGolgiresidentproteinsisachievedbyanunknownmechansim.第16页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexOncetheproteinsreachthetransface,theyareembeddedintocoatedtransportvesiclesandbroughttotheirfinaldestinations.Anexampleisthemodificationofglycoproteins(usedincellmembranes).第17页，共58
10、页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexVesiclesfromtheERcontainsimplifiedglycosylatedproteins.IntheGC,carbohydratesareattachedandremovedfromtheseglycoproteins,creatingadiversityofcarbohydratestructuresontheproteins.Aftertheyhavebeensecretedintothecellthevesiclesfusetothecellmembraneandreleasetheircontents.第18页
11、，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第19页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexHow do proteins move to the Golgi Complex?1.ThebuddingfromERisarrangedfacingacentralzoneatoneendoftheGolgicomplex.ThesebudsbecomevesiclesandarecoatedwithCOPIIproteincoats.2.AftertheylosetheirCOPIIcoat,theymergewiththeCGNscarryingthe
12、solubleandmembraneproteinstotheGolgicomplex.第20页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex The movement of these special transport vesicles is an energy requiring process.If one blocks production of ATP,the transport will not happen.第21页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexTransportofmaterialinandoutoftheGolgicomp
13、lexinvolvesbuddingandfusionofvesicles.Thiscartoonshowsthatthemembranesofeachjoinandalignthemselvesduringtheprocesssothattheinsidefaceremainsinthelumenandtheoutsidefaceremainstowardsthecytoplasm.第22页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第23页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexWhat types of secretion are contro
14、lled by the Golgi complex?TheGolgicomplexcontrolstraffickingofdifferenttypesofproteins.第24页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexSomearedestinedforsecretion.Othersaredestinedfortheextracellularmatrix.Finally,otherproteins,suchaslysosomalenzymes,mayneedtobesortedandsequesteredfromtheremainingconstituentsbe
15、causeoftheirpotentialdestructiveeffects.第25页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexTwo types of secretory pathways.Theregulatedsecretorypathway,asitsnameimplies,isapathwayforproteinsthatrequiresastimulusortriggertoelicitsecretion.Somestimuliregulatesynthesisoftheproteinaswellasitsrelease.Theconstitutivepat
16、hwayallowsforsecretionofproteinsthatareneededoutsidethecell,likeintheextracellularmatrix.Itdoesnotrequirestimuli,althoughgrowthfactorsmayenhancetheprocess.第26页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第27页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexHow does the Golgi complex regulate the insertion of plasma membrane prot
17、eins?TheimportantroleoftheGolgiComplexistomakecertaintheplasmamembraneproteinsreachtheirdestination.Thisfigureshowstheroute.Notethattheorientationoftheproteinismaintainedsothattheregiondestinedtoprojectoutsidethecell(areceptorbindingsite,forexample),endsupinthatplace.Inordertodothis,itmustbeplacedso
18、thatitfacesinsidethevesicle.第28页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第29页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexHow does the Golgi complex add carbohydrate groups to a glycoprotein?TheGolgicomplexiscompartmentalized.PhosphorylationoccursintheCisregion.Inotherregions,differenttypesofcarbohydratesareaddedasaglyco
19、proteinpassesthroughthecisternae.ThefinalsortingisdoneintheTransGolgicomplex.第30页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第31页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexCan proteins be transported back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?Sometimes vital proteins needed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported
20、along with the other proteins in the Golgi complex.The Golgi complex has a mechanism for trapping them and sending them back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum第32页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplex第33页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一2.GolgiComplexQ-link第34页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome3.1DescriptionDiscoveredin1950b
21、yRenedeDuve,alysosomeisatinyorganellefoundinalleucaryoticcells.Thelysosomesaremoreorlessthewreckingcrewofacell.Theydigestmacromoleculessuchasmonosaccharidesandbreakdowndamagedoroldcellpartsaswellasbacteria.第35页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.LysosomeLysosomescontainhydrolyticenzymesnecessaryforintracellulardige
22、stion.Inwhitebloodcellsthateatbacteria,lysosomecontentsarecarefullyreleasedintothevacuolearoundthebacteriaandservetokillanddigestthosebacteria.Uncontrolledreleaseoflysosomecontentsintothecytoplasmcanalsocausecelldeath(necrosis).第36页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第37页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome3.2struc
23、tureoflysosomeEachlysosomeissurroundedbyitsownmembraneduetotheacidicconditionswithinit.Lysosomesareformedoffofthemembraneofthetrans-golgi.第38页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第39页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第40页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第41页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第42页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第4
24、3页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome3.3functionoflysosomeThelysosomesformwhatisknownastheacid vesicle system.Withinthehumanacidvesiclesystemtherearemorethan30definedacidhydrolasespresentinvarioustypesoflysosome.第44页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第45页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第46页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosom
25、eLysosomesalsoplayakeyroleindestroyingoldorganelleswithinthecellandthusallowthemtobereplacedwithfresher,moreeffectiveones.Thisprocessisknownasautophagyandisaccomplishedintwostages.Firstlyamembraneisdonatedbytheendoplasmicreticulum.Thismembranethensurroundstheoldorganelle.Secondlyalysosomefuseswithth
26、ismembranetoformanautophagic vacuole.Thelysosomecansafelyenteritsdeadlyenzymecontentsintothisvacuoleanddestroytheoldorganelle.第47页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.LysosomeAnotherfunctionoflysosomeinthehumanoccursduringfertilizationoftheeggbythesperm.Theheadofthespermcellcontainsapackageoflysosomalmaterialcalledt
27、heacrosome.Theenzymesfromthisarereleasedwhenthespermmakescontactwithaneggandtheyeffectivelyboreaholethroughthecellmembraneoftheeggallowingthespermtoenter.第48页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第49页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome3.4lysosomediseaseLysosomalstoragediseasesusuallyinvolvedefectsinacidhydrolaseacti
28、vity.Thesedefectscanrangefrommistargetingofthehydrolasessuchthattheyneverreachthelysosometonon-functionalcatalyticactivity.第50页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一3.Lysosome第51页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一4.VesiculartransportVesiclescontinuallybudofffromonemembraneandfusewithanother,carryingmembranecomponentsandsolublemolecule
29、sreferredtoascargo.第52页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一4.VesiculartransportThismembranetrafficflowsalonghighlyorganized,directionalroutes,whichallowsthecelltosecreteandeat.Thebiosynthetic-secretorypathwayleadsoutwardfromtheERtowardtheGCandcellsurface,withasiderouteleadingtolysosomes,whiletheendocyticpathwayleadsi
30、nwardfromtheplasmamembrane.第53页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一4.VesiculartransportIneachcase,theflowofmembranebetweencompartmentsisbalanced,withretrievalpathwaysbalancingtheflowintheoppositedirection,bringingmembraneandselectedproteinsbacktothecompartmentoforigin.第54页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一4.Vesiculartransport第55页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一4.Vesiculartransport第56页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一4.Vesiculartransport第57页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一4.Vesiculartransport第58页，共58页，编辑于2022年，星期一