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1、第1页/共70页 the Poets Corner of the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey 第2页/共70页Historical BackgroundThis is a period of rapid growth and rapid expansion This is a period of the discussion of social issuesThis is a period of the pursuit of new belief This is a period of the development
2、of education This is a period of foreign influences 第3页/共70页Growth and expansion increasing Population,In 1810,the population totaled 7,000,000.Fifty-years later,at the beginning of Civil War,the population reached 31,000,000.A new nationalism emerged as a result of this sudden influx of immigration
3、.Spreading industrialization filled people with optimism.Pushing frontier第4页/共70页 Growth and expansion 1803,The Louisiana Purchase 1830s,a series of wars against native Americans 18461848,war against Mexico1848,discovery of gold in California,thus the Gold Rush The discovery of gold in California in
4、 1848 brought about a Gold Rush,which further pushed the frontier to the end.As a result,an unprecedented optimistic attitude was prevailing among people.第5页/共70页The largest group of forty-niners in 1849 were AmericansFORTY-NINERS IN THE GOLD RUSH第6页/共70页the Louisiana Purchase transfers 第7页/共70页 soc
5、ial issues The womans issue.Some women asked for their rights to vote and to own property.In 1837,the first womens college was established in Massachusetts.The slavery issue.Slavery existed together with the anti-slavery conceptions.It was with the help of thousands of slaves that the expansion of t
6、he economy became possible.In 1833,the American Anti-Slavery Society was established.第8页/共70页 social issuesThe new lifestyle.The pursuit of simplicity,utility and perfection remained an American characteristic.第9页/共70页 Pursuit of new beliefDemocracy and political equality became the ideals of the ne
7、w nation.The age of Common man,the egalitarian belief第10页/共70页 EducationWide distribution of periodicals,more and more native American writers:Poe,Melville,Hawthorne,Thoreau,Emerson,and Whitman第11页/共70页 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?It is a complex artistic,literary and intellectual movem
8、ent that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe.The movement redefined the fundamental ways in which people in Western cultures thought about themselves and about their world.第12页/共70页 What is Romanticism?Intellectually it marked a violent reaction to the Age of Enlightenment.Po
9、litically it was inspired by the revolutions in America and France and wars of independence in Poland,Spain,Greece,and elsewhere.Emotionally it expressed an extreme assertion of the self and the value of individual experience.Socially it championed progressive causes.The German poet Friedrich Schleg
10、el(1772-1829),who is given credit for first using the term romantic to describe literature,defined it as“literature depicting emotional matter in an imaginative form.”This is as accurate a general definition as can be accomplished.第13页/共70页 Subjectivity Romanticism was a rebellion against the object
11、ivity of rationalism.The romantic spirit was one of subjectivity of inward feelings.Romantics placed much emphasis upon the creative function of imagination,and saw art as a formulation of intuitive and imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact.第14页/共70页 Subjectivit
12、y For romantics,the feelings,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.The controversy was one between head thinking and heart feeling.There was a much greater stress on emotions in the writing of the romantic period.Romantics held that one could find truth through one
13、s feelings.第15页/共70页 Subjectivity Romantics emphasized individualism,placing the individual against the group,against authority.They saw the individual at the very center of life and art.They emphasized personal freedom.They delighted in self-analysis,intricate examination and full exposure of the s
14、oul.They cherished no hero-worship,yet believed in the perfectibility of humanity.Romantics believed in the natural goodness of human beings.第16页/共70页 Back to nature Romantics did not think of the world as a ticking watch made by God.They thought of the world as a breathing,living thing(Rousseau,171
15、2-1778).They stressed the close relationship between man and nature.Romanticism focuses on Nature;a place free from societys judgement and restrictions.第17页/共70页 Although there was no denying of the strong European influences on American romantic writers,American romanticism had distinct features of
16、 its own.1.Different from their European counterparts,American romantics tended to moralize,to edify rather than to entertain.This is because there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider in their writings.第18页/共70页 2.American romanticism presented an entirely new experience alien
17、to European culture:the frontier and the Indians,the Hudson valley,the wild west prairie,limitless forests and broad blue inland lakes,etc.3.American romanticism produced a feeling of“newness”which inspired the romantic imagination:individualism,political equality and the dream of America as a Garde
18、n of Eden.4.Hence,as a logic result of the foreign and native factors,American romanticism was both imitative and independent.第19页/共70页 Early American romanticism was best represented by New England poets William Cullen Bryant(1794-1878)and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1807-1882)in poetry,and James Fe
19、nimore Cooper(1789-1851)and Washington Irving(1783-1859)in fiction.The later/peak period is represented by Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)and Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862).第20页/共70页Coopers signature第21页/共70页Life storyA.born in a rich familyB.attended Yale but expelledC.five years at seaD.inherited f
20、ortune then a comfortable lifeE.wrote lots of novels because he one day was disgusted by one novel第22页/共70页Works:(1)Precaution(1820,his first novel,imitating Austens Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy(his second novel and great success)间谍 (3)The Pilot领航者第23页/共70页(3)Leatherstocking Tales(his masterpiece,
21、a series of five novels)The Pioneer 拓荒者The Last of Mohicans 最后的莫希干人The Prairie 大草原The Pathfinder 探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者第24页/共70页Leatherstocking Tales(a series of five novels about the frontier life):Central character:Natty Bumppo(several names for same character:Hawk-eye,the Pathfinder,the Deerslayer,
22、Leatherstocking)(a typical frontier man:honest,simple,innocent,generous)(represents brotherhood of man,nature and freedom)Theme:modern civilization advancing on the wilderness and the contradiction between them第25页/共70页From the Deerslayer:Lunch Break During the Filming of The Deerslayer in 1911 第26页
23、/共70页Watching Deerslayer Paddle Away from Council Rock Deerslayer Kills His First Indian 第27页/共70页Muskrat Castle,the Hutters Home on Sunken Island At Council Rock 第28页/共70页ContributionsFinding the West and the frontier life as materials for literary worksIntroducing Western tradition into American l
24、iterature 第29页/共70页New England Poets:Fireside Poets or Schoolroom Poets Bryant and Longfellow belonged to the New England poets who represented the elite educated society in New England.They were conventional,wealthy,highly cultured,interested in the advanced European art forms in literature,and the
25、y also had strong sense of morality.They set the tone for Victorian culture in America.These poets were also called the Fireside Poets or Schoolroom Poets because during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century these were the most popular poets for teachers to talk about in class with
26、 their grade school and high school students.Their pictures were often placed on the walls in classrooms of the schools.第30页/共70页The first American Man of Letters,the father of American Literature Washington Irving (1783-1859)第31页/共70页Irving was always fond of visiting new scenes,and observing stran
27、ge characters and manners.Even when a mere child he began his travels,and made many tours of discovery into foreign parts and unknown regions of his native city,to the frequent alarm of his parents,and the emolument of the town-crier.As he grew into boyhood he extended his range of observations.His
28、holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about surrounding country he made himself familiar with all its places famous in history of fable.He knew every spot where a murder or robbery had been committed,or a ghost seen.He visited the neighboring villages,an added greatly to his stock of knowledge,by
29、noting their habits and customs,and conversing with their sages and great men.第32页/共70页A History of New York from the Beginning of the world to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(1809)under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker was a great success and won him wide popularity.以迪德里奇尼克博克的笔名出版了纽约外史：从殖民地开始到荷兰统治时代
30、的结束 第33页/共70页 1.Father of American Literature 2.The Sketch Book(见闻札记)contains the earliest short stories in American literature.Irving perfected the American short story,and was the first American writer to place his stories firmly in the United States.3.The Sketch Book is often seen as marking the
31、beginning of Romanticism in America.第34页/共70页With the publication of The Sketch Book,he won a measure of international recognition.Knickerbocker Rip Van Winkle 第35页/共70页Irvings most famous book was The Sketch Book containing two of the best-loved stories from American literature:Rip Van Winkle and T
32、he Legend of Sleepy Hollow.The plot of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle are bsed on two old German folk tales but filled with local colour of New York.第36页/共70页Humorous:He intended to amuse readers instead of teaching and instructing them.He tried to avoid moralizing because he believe
33、d that the purpose of literature was to entertain readers.The characters in his work are both vivid and true so that they tend to linger in the mind of the reader because he was good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere,the richness of which is often more than compensation for the slimness of
34、the plot.He is apt at finished,refined and musical language.It is said that he modeled his language on that of Oliver Goldsmith(1728-1744).第37页/共70页When and where does the story take place?第38页/共70页“Whenever he went dodging about the village,he was surrounded by a troop of them,hanging on his skirts
35、,clambering on his back and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity.”第39页/共70页 Who are the men in this picture?“For a long while he used to console himselfby frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages,philosophers and other idle personages of the village.”第40页/共70页How does Dame Rip Van
36、 Winkle respond to Rips idleness?What does he habitually do when scolded by his wife?第41页/共70页When Rip can no more go to the inn,what is his only alternative?And whom does he meet one day in the mountains?第42页/共70页And what happens then?第43页/共70页What does Rip find after he wakes up?第44页/共70页What does
37、 Rip find when he returns to his native village?第45页/共70页“He caught his daughter and her child in his arms.I am your father!cried he,Young Rip Van Winkle once Old Rip Van Winkle now!Does nobody know poor Rip Van Winkle?”Does Rip find any of his folks?Who are they?第46页/共70页“It was determined,however,
38、to take the opinion of old Peter Vanderdonk,who was seen slowly advancing up the road.”How is Rips identity finally confirmed?第47页/共70页What kind of life does Rip lead after his unusual experience?Can he adapt to all the changes?“Rippreferred making friends among the rising generation,with whom he so
39、on grew into favor.”第48页/共70页Questions(1)How does Irving create the mood of magic and fantasy to help prepare the reader for Rips strange experience in the mountains?In fiction,the setting includes the time,location and circumstances in which a story takes place.Sometimes it is referred to as milieu
40、,to include a context,such as culture or society.Broadly speaking,the setting provides the main backdrop for the story.In many cases,the setting becomes a character itself and can set the mood of a story.In“Rip Van Winkle,”Irving places his story in the Kaatskill Mountains which are“a dismembered br
41、anch of the great Appalachian family.”第49页/共70页 The hero Rip Van Winkle lived at the foot of these mountains,in a“little village of great antiquity”that had been founded by some the Dutch colonists;and he lived there“while the country was yet a province of Great Britain.”The remoteness and antiquity
42、 of the setting,which are commonly seen in fairy tales and other fantasies involving highly fanciful or supernatural elements,create a very mysterious atmosphere for the story and thus well prepare the reader for Rips strange encounters in the mountains.第50页/共70页(2)What contrasting values do Rip and
43、 Dame Rip Van Winkle represent?On the surface the conflict between Rip and his wife is a common sight in many a household:a shrewish wife continuously nags at a lazy,good-for-nothing husband.However,it could also be viewed as a conflict between different values.Dame Rip Van Winkle,who always keeps h
44、er house“in neat order”and is concerned about the ruin that Rip might bring on the family,represents the principles of order,temperance and diligence.These were Puritan principles,characterized by pragmatism and materialism.第51页/共70页 Rip Van Winkle,however,loves freedom and nature,gives himself to i
45、dleness,and has“an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor.”His view of life,romantic in nature,is totally different from that of his wife.If Dame Rip Van Winkle symbolizes the cultural heritage handed down from the very beginning of American history through the eighteenth century,Rip
46、Van Winkle presents a new outlook of life in ninetieth-century America which stresses individual freedom and love for nature.第52页/共70页第53页/共70页Rip wanted to escape from his shrewish wifesteps outside the main stream of life.Actually,what he really means is to be divorced from the utilitarian society
47、 and the responsibilities and duties one must fulfill as its member.Escapism is the dominant feature of Rips character.A whole nights sleep means twenty years flashes by.Young as the American nation is,twenty years means a generation.Faced with the great changes,poor Rip has no time to celebrate his
48、 personal liberation but immediately and keenly feel perplexity and loneliness.He even doubts his memory and identity when he is asked the simplest questions as“Who are you?”or“What is you name?”He responds in despair:“Im not myself;Im somebody else.I was myself last night,but I fell asleep on the m
49、ountain,and theyve changed my gun,and everythings changed,and Im changed,and I cant tell my name or who I am.”A heart-felt nostalgia for the old times wells up in his mind.第54页/共70页1.Superficially,the conflict between husband and wife was presented in the story.In fact,the writer tries to express hi
50、s idea:the conflict between different ideas of value.The wife is the follower of Franklin,while the husband has a romantic point of view represented by Washington Irving.2.search for ones identity Irving thinks a person should remain faithful to himself and attain his self-identity.The old generatio