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1、美国浪漫主义 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望The origin of American RomanticismoneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliteraturestretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrvingsTh
2、eSketchBookandendedwithWhitmansLeavesofGrass.Historical BackgroundThedevelopmentoftheAmericansocietynurturedtheliteratureofagreatnation.Americawasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.Historically,it was the time of westward expansion in AmericaEconomically,thewhole
3、nationwasexperiencingan industrialtransformation.Politically,democracyandequa1itybecame theidealofthenewnation,andthetwo-partysystemcameinto being.WiththefoundingoftheAmericanIndependentGovernment,thenationfeltanurgetohaveitsownliteraryexpression,tomakeknownitsnewexperiencethatothernationsdidnothave
4、The impact of European Romanticism on American RomanticismvForeignliterarymasters,especiallytheEnglishcounterpartsexertedastimulatingimpactonthewritersofthenewworld.Bornofonecommonculturalheritage,theAmericanwriterssharedsomecommonfeatureswiththeEnglishRomanticists.Theyrevoltedagainsttheliteraryform
5、sandideasoftheperiodofclassicismbydevelopingsomerelativelynewformsoffictionorpoetry.Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpr
6、essionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.Thestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligion inAmerica.Writerslike Freneau,Bryant,andCoopershoweda greatinterestinextern
7、alnature intheir respectiveworks.TheliteraryuseofthemorecolorfulaspectsofthepastwasalsotobefoundinIrvings efforttoexploitthelegendsoftheHudson Riverregion,andinCooperslongseriesof historicaltales.Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticismAlth
8、oughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterpart-s,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirowninTheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.Forexample:the American national experience of pioneering into the west proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon.T
9、hey celebrated Americas landscape with its virgin forests,meadows,groves,endless prairies,streams,and vast oceans.The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral law.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of Ame
10、rican literature.Such a desire is particularly evident in Coopers Leather Stocking Tales,in Thoreaus Walden and,later,in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.WiththegrowthofAmericannational consciousness,Americancharactertypes speakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryand fictionwithincreasingfrequ
11、ency.ThentheAmericanPuritanismasacultural heritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmerican moralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.Oneof themanifestationsisthefactthatAmerican romanticwriterstendedmoretomoralize thantheirEnglishandEuropeancounterparts.Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinistic viewoforigina1sinan
12、dthemysteryofevil markedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleanda hostoflesserwriters.Major writers of this periodvPoets:PhilipFreneau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryWordsworthLongFellow,JamesRusselLowell,JohnGreenleafWhitter,EdgarEllenPoe,and,especially,WaltWhitman,whoseLeavesOfGrassestablishedhimasthemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe19thcentury.vProseWriters:WashingtonIrving,JamesFennimoreCooper,NathanielHawthorne,EdgarAllanPoe,RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,HarrietBeecherStowe,HermanMelville.