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1、商务英语翻译教程商务英语翻译教程19797从商务英语翻译教程这门课的名称来看，他有两个关键词，一个商务英语，一个翻译。这门课就围绕这两方面来进行。说到翻译呢，对于一个优秀的翻译人员的话，理论是基础，实践是真理。也就是说，实践对于学好翻译来说是至关重要的。如果只掌握了理论，而不去实践，是不能成为好的翻译人员的。相反，没有理论系统的学习，而有大量的翻译实践，有可能是以为合格的翻译者。而商务英语翻译除了关系着翻译，还涉及到很多商贸知识。第1页/共85页翻译理论在我国，文字翻译最早开始于春秋时期的越人歌，迄今大约有2500年的历史，对翻译标准的争论也有1000多年，但有关翻译标准在翻译界迄今还没有达成
2、“共识”，即还没有一个大家都认同的翻译标准。翻译是一门推敲的，无唯一答案的课程。国内外翻译标准百家争鸣、白花齐放。第2页/共85页信、达、雅”。1898年，严复在天演论的译例言中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。”后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准。用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅。第3页/共85页“功能对等功能对等”。“功能对等功能对等”（Functional EquivalenceFunctional Equivalence）翻译准则是由美国著名）翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家翻译家尤金尤金.奈
3、达奈达（Eugene A.NidaEugene A.Nida）博士提出的。在众多的国外）博士提出的。在众多的国外翻译家中，奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大。他认为，翻译家中，奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大。他认为，翻译的预期目的主要是翻译的预期目的主要是原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等。第4页/共85页综观国内外翻译家们的观点，可以得出结论：中外翻译标准其实质上有一致性，即：信息对等。说到底，不管什么样的翻译标准，都离不开一个“真”字，换言之，译文应该是原文信息
4、的真实反映，译者最大限度地将原文作者所赋予原文语言文字的“任务”转译到译文里。第5页/共85页译者应具备的能力翻译过程是一个语言转化的过程，涉及跨语言，跨文化的内容。翻译过程是一个语言转化的过程，涉及跨语言，跨文化的内容。外语水平能力外语水平能力母语水平能力母语水平能力知识水平能力知识水平能力商务英语专业行话商务英语专业行话 术语术语应用水平能力应用水平能力只有通过练习实践，才能真正提高译者的翻译水平只有通过练习实践，才能真正提高译者的翻译水平第6页/共85页Business negotiationsThe conclusion of a favorable sale contract res
5、ults largely from The conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(careful and meticulous(极仔细的极仔细的;一丝不苟的一丝不苟的)business)business negotiation between the exporter and the importer.negotiation between the exporter and the importer.Trade negotiations in internation
6、al business background consist Trade negotiations in international business background consist of five steps:of five steps:enquiry,offer,counter-offer,acceptance,and the enquiry,offer,counter-offer,acceptance,and the formation of contractformation of contract.第7页/共85页EnquiriesAn enquiry is usually m
7、ade by an importer to an An enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter,asking for prices lists,catalogues,exporter,asking for prices lists,catalogues,samples,and details about the goods or trade samples,and details about the goods or trade terms.terms.However,the exporter,on receiving the
8、 enquiry,However,the exporter,on receiving the enquiry,will make a reply to,thus getting the negotiation will make a reply to,thus getting the negotiation started.Business negotiations in foreign trade started.Business negotiations in foreign trade usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas usu
9、ally commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale.sale.第8页/共85页Offers DefinitionDefinitionAn offer is An offer is a good proposal that is made to a specific individual a good proposal that is made
10、 to a specific individual or entity to enter into a contract.or entity to enter into a contract.The proposal must contain The proposal must contain definite terms and must indicate the offerors intent to be bound definite terms and must indicate the offerors intent to be bound by an acceptance.by an
11、 acceptance.The party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the The party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree.another party that receives the offer is called the offeree.第9页/共85页Definition of an offerA proposal for c
12、oncluding a contract addressed to one or more A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific personsspecific persons constitutes an offer if it is constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definitesufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror and indicates
13、 the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of to be bound in case of acceptanceacceptance.(CISG Art 14-1).(CISG Art 14-1)CISG:United Nations Convention on Contracts for the CISG:United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods International Sale of Goods 联合国国际货物销售合同公
14、约联合国国际货物销售合同公约第10页/共85页Withdrawal of offerThe withdrawal of offer means that the offeror,for some reason,withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective.This may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake,or that the situation has chan
15、ged which makes his offer unfavorable to him.第11页/共85页Revocation of offerTo revoke an offer means that when the offer To revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree,it has become has reached the offeree,it has become effective,the offeror acts to revoke the offer effective,the
16、offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness.thus to kill its effectiveness.The Convention agrees in principle that an offer The Convention agrees in principle that an offer is revocable before the note of acceptance is is revocable before the note of acceptance is dispatched but
17、provides that on the following dispatched but provides that on the following two occasions,an offer is irrevocable.two occasions,an offer is irrevocable.A.It indicates,whether by stating a fixed time A.It indicates,whether by stating a fixed time or otherwise,that it is irrevocable.or otherwise,that
18、 it is irrevocable.B.if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on B.if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.has acted in reliance on the offer.第12页/共85页Terminat
19、ion of offer“An offer,even if it is irrevocable,is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror”(CISG Art.17).第13页/共85页OffersAccording to different criteria,offers can be classified into various kind:Selling offersoffers made by the sellerBuying offersoffers made by a buyerFirm offers or offers w
20、ith engagementIndefinite offers or offers without engagement 第14页/共85页Firm offersA firm offerA firm offer or or an irrevocable offeran irrevocable offer or or an offer firman offer firm,is intended to,is intended to make a contract with the offeree.make a contract with the offeree.The terms or condi
21、tions put forward in the offer can not be revoked The terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be revoked or amended without consents from the other party.Once it is or amended without consents from the other party.Once it is unconditionally accepted by the offeree within its validity,th
22、e unconditionally accepted by the offeree within its validity,the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately.transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately.Until this time,the offer has legally binding force on the both Until this time,the offer has legally bi
23、nding force on the both parties.parties.Such offer usually has phrases like:“we offer firm,or we make a Such offer usually has phrases like:“we offer firm,or we make a firm offer for the following goods”.firm offer for the following goods”.第15页/共85页Indefinite offersAn indefinite offer is not binding
24、 on the offeror,and is stated unclear,An indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror,and is stated unclear,incomplete and with reservation.Some expressions can help the reader to incomplete and with reservation.Some expressions can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer,such as,refe
25、rence price,subject to our final identify this nature of the offer,such as,reference price,subject to our final confirmation,subject to being unsold.confirmation,subject to being unsold.Actually,quotation sheets and price lists can serve as offers without Actually,quotation sheets and price lists ca
26、n serve as offers without engagement because they only include part of the terms,such as engagement because they only include part of the terms,such as descriptions,specifications and unit prices.They do not include those terms descriptions,specifications and unit prices.They do not include those te
27、rms about shipment,payment etc.about shipment,payment etc.第16页/共85页Counter-offersDefinitionDefinitionA counter-offer is A counter-offer is a reply to an offer that materially alters the terms a reply to an offer that materially alters the terms of the offer.of the offer.The party who has received th
28、e offer is not in a position to fully The party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered.He may make a counter-offer,in accept the business terms offered.He may make a counter-offer,in which some alternations have been made about the business trade w
29、hich some alternations have been made about the business trade terms,such as,the price or other terms with the purpose of terms,such as,the price or other terms with the purpose of bargaining.bargaining.There are also two kinds of counter-offer:one with engagement There are also two kinds of counter
30、-offer:one with engagement and the other is without engagement.and the other is without engagement.第17页/共85页Acceptance(Accept)Definition Definition An acceptance is An acceptance is an unconditional assent to an offer,or an assent an unconditional assent to an offer,or an assent conditioned on minor
31、 changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.conditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.The acceptance,in practice,serves to conclude the business transaction.It The acceptance,in practice,serves to conclude the business transaction.It must be absolute and
32、 unconditional,otherwise,it is not an acceptance but a must be absolute and unconditional,otherwise,it is not an acceptance but a counter-offer.counter-offer.An acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the offer is An acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the offer is di
33、rected.directed.第18页/共85页It is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is It is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is usually signed to bind both the seller and the buyer.usually signed to bind both the seller and the buyer.A formal contract s
34、hould be prepared in duplicate.Both parties A formal contract should be prepared in duplicate.Both parties should sign each copy,and each party should keep a sign of it.should sign each copy,and each party should keep a sign of it.Some of the contracts commonly used in foreign trade are available So
35、me of the contracts commonly used in foreign trade are available in printed forms,so that only the date,price,name of commodities,in printed forms,so that only the date,price,name of commodities,names of parties,and similar particulars are needed to be filled in.names of parties,and similar particul
36、ars are needed to be filled in.Formation of contracts第19页/共85页Definition of contractsA contract is simply A contract is simply an agreement that defines relationship between an agreement that defines relationship between one or more parties.one or more parties.A commercial contract,in the simplest t
37、erm,is A commercial contract,in the simplest term,is merely an agreement made by two or more parties for the purpose merely an agreement made by two or more parties for the purpose of transacting business.of transacting business.If the seller works out a contract,it is called a If the seller works o
38、ut a contract,it is called a sales contractsales contract;or if;or if the buyer works it out,it is called a the buyer works it out,it is called a purchase contractpurchase contract.第20页/共85页Business proceduresenquiry enquiry offer offer counter-offer counter-offer acceptance acceptance formation of
39、contract.formation of contract.Apply for opening a letter of credit through a bankApply for opening a letter of credit through a bank receive a complete set of shipping documentsreceive a complete set of shipping documents check check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each or examin
40、e the documents in strict conformity with each other other apply for the commodity inspection and apply for the commodity inspection and quarantine quarantine apply for customs entry&customs apply for customs entry&customs formalities clearance formalities clearance collect the consignments from col
41、lect the consignments from the forwarder at the port of entering the forwarder at the port of entering fetch the goods fetch the goods to the plant for production to the plant for production get the quality certificate get the quality certificate from the CCIB(China Commodity Inspection Bureau from
42、the CCIB(China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中中国商品检验局国商品检验局)complain and plain and claim.第21页/共85页Methods and techniques翻译的形式直译(literal translation)不等于对译 意译(free translation)活译(dynamic equivalence translation)第22页/共85页They dont know their right hand from their left.I gave my youth to the sea and I cam
43、e home and gave my wife my old age.All roads lead to Rome.I want to hit the sack and get some Zs.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.第23页/共85页Maybe he has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.Cast pearls before swine.Sh
44、e was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.I threw myself in a chair.He has to make a terrible decision.第24页/共85页词类转换(P.8,106,236)英语名词转换成汉语动词英语名词转换成汉语动词 （与英语中名词转为（与英语中名词转为动词词义不同）动词词义不同）All I wanted was to go somewhere,all I wanted All I wanted was to go somewhere,all I wanted was a was a changechan
45、ge.我只不过是想到别的地方去，我我只不过是想到别的地方去，我只想只想换换空气换换空气。英语名词转换为汉语形容词，副词英语名词转换为汉语形容词，副词He noticed a very close He noticed a very close agreementagreement between between the two countries on the problem.the two countries on the problem.他注意到两国他注意到两国在这问题上的意见是非常在这问题上的意见是非常一致的一致的。第25页/共85页The application of electron
46、ic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity.There is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.The board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter.The firm has a large business connection.第26页/共85页There is a large attendance at the F
47、air.Withdraw of offerRevocation of offerTermination of offerWithout his consent or confirmationShe is a real beauty.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.第27页/共85页We find difficulty in solving this problem.It is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vig
48、orously.The blockade was a success.第28页/共85页人称代词的省略人称代词的省略英语冠词的省略英语冠词的省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon.The blood-red sun sank below the horizon.火火红的太阳沉入地平线。红的太阳沉入地平线。增减法增减法增词法增词法An American officer slipped on a banana skin.An American officer slipped on a banana skin.一个美国军官一个美国军官踩在踩在香蕉皮上滑到
49、了。香蕉皮上滑到了。减词法减词法Could you help me in any way?Could you help me in any way?你能帮帮我吗？你能帮帮我吗？翻译中的省略,增减第29页/共85页Dont put your hands in your pocket.I am afraid she will come.We had much rain last summer.We live and learn.They say he is a genius.Give him an inch and hell take an ell.Liquids are like solids
50、in that they have definite volume.The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.第30页/共85页In most cases,bona fide party to an In most cases,bona fide party to an international sales contract will do his best to international sales contract will do his be