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1、商务英语翻译教程 从商务英语翻译教程这门课的名称来看,他有两个关键词,一个商务英语,一个翻译。这门课就围绕这两方面来进行。说到翻译呢,对于一个优秀的翻译人员的话,理论是基础,实践是真理。也就是说,实践对于学好翻译来说是至关重要的。如果只掌握了理论,而不去实践,是不能成为好的翻译人员的。相反,没有理论系统的学习,而有大量的翻译实践,有可能是以为合格的翻译者。而商务英语翻译除了关系着翻译,还涉及到很多商贸知识。第1 页/共85 页翻译理论 在我国,文字翻译最早开始于春秋时期的越人歌,迄今大约有2500 年的历史,对翻译标准的争论也有1000 多年,但有关翻译标准在翻译界迄今还没有达成“共识”,即还
2、没有一个大家都认同的翻译标准。翻译是一门推敲的,无唯一答案的课程。国内外翻译标准百家争鸣、白花齐放。第2 页/共85 页 信、达、雅”。1898 年,严复在天演论的译例言中说:“译事之难:信、达、雅。求其信,已大难矣!顾信矣,不达,虽译,犹不译也,则达尚焉。”后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准。用今天的话来说,“信”就是忠实准确,“达”就是通顺流畅,“雅”就是文字古雅。第3 页/共85 页“功能对等 功能对等”。“功能对等 功能对等”(Functional Equivalence Functional Equivalence)翻译准则是由美国著名)翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家 翻译家 尤金
3、 尤金.奈达 奈达(Eugene A.Nida Eugene A.Nida)博士提出的。在众多的国外)博士提出的。在众多的国外翻译家中,奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大。他认为,翻译家中,奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大。他认为,翻译的预期目的主要是 翻译的预期目的主要是 原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等 风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等。第4 页/共85 页 综观国内外翻译家们的观点,可以得出结论:中外翻译标准其实质上有一致性,即:信息对等。说到底,不管什么样的翻译标准,都离不开一个“真”字,
4、换言之,译文应该是原文信息的真实反映,译者最大限度地将原文作者所赋予原文语言文字的“任务”转译到译文里。第5 页/共85 页译者应具备的能力 翻译过程是一个语言转化的过程,涉及跨语言,跨文化的内容。翻译过程是一个语言转化的过程,涉及跨语言,跨文化的内容。外语水平能力 外语水平能力 母语水平能力 母语水平能力 知识水平能力 知识水平能力商务英语专业行话 商务英语专业行话 术语 术语 应用水平能力 应用水平能力 只有通过练习实践,才能真正提高译者的翻译水平 只有通过练习实践,才能真正提高译者的翻译水平第6 页/共85 页Business negotiations The conclusion of
5、 a favorable sale contract results largely from The conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(careful and meticulous(极仔细的 极仔细的;一丝不苟的 一丝不苟的)business)business negotiation between the exporter and the importer.negotiation between the exporter and the importer.T
6、rade negotiations in international business background consist Trade negotiations in international business background consist of five steps:of five steps:enquiry,offer,counter-offer,acceptance,and the enquiry,offer,counter-offer,acceptance,and the formation of contract formation of contract.第7 页/共8
7、5 页Enquiries An enquiry is usually made by an importer to an An enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter,asking for prices lists,catalogues,exporter,asking for prices lists,catalogues,samples,and details about the goods or trade samples,and details about the goods or trade terms.terms.H
8、owever,the exporter,on receiving the enquiry,However,the exporter,on receiving the enquiry,will make a reply to,thus getting the negotiation will make a reply to,thus getting the negotiation started.Business negotiations in foreign trade started.Business negotiations in foreign trade usually commenc
9、e with an enquiry by an overseas usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale.sale.第8 页/共85 页Offers Definition Definition An offer is An offer is a good proposal that is made to a specific
10、 individual or a good proposal that is made to a specific individual or entity to enter into a contract.entity to enter into a contract.The proposal must contain definite The proposal must contain definite terms and must indicate the offerors intent to be bound by an terms and must indicate the offe
11、rors intent to be bound by an acceptance.acceptance.The party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the The party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree.another party that receives the offer is called the offeree.第9 页/共
12、85 页Definition of an offer A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons specific persons constitutes an offer if it is constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite sufficiently definite and and ind
13、icates the intention of the offeror indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of to be bound in case of acceptance acceptance.(CISG Art 14-1).(CISG Art 14-1)CISG:United Nations Convention on Contracts for the CISG:United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of
14、Goods International Sale of Goods 联合国国际货物销售合同公约 联合国国际货物销售合同公约 第10 页/共85 页Withdrawal of offer The withdrawal of offer means that the offeror,for some reason,withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective.This may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes c
15、ontains some mistake,or that the situation has changed which makes his offer unfavorable to him.第11 页/共85 页Revocation of offer To revoke an offer means that when the offer To revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree,it has become has reached the offeree,it has become effecti
16、ve,the offeror acts to revoke the offer effective,the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness.thus to kill its effectiveness.The Convention agrees in principle that an offer The Convention agrees in principle that an offer is revocable before the note of acceptance is is revo
17、cable before the note of acceptance is dispatched but provides that on the following dispatched but provides that on the following two occasions,an offer is irrevocable.two occasions,an offer is irrevocable.A.It indicates,whether by stating a fixed time A.It indicates,whether by stating a fixed time
18、 or otherwise,that it is irrevocable.or otherwise,that it is irrevocable.B.if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on B.if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offe
19、r.has acted in reliance on the offer.第12 页/共85 页Termination of offer“An offer,even if it is irrevocable,is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror”(CISG Art.17).第13 页/共85 页Offers According to different criteria,offers can be classified into various kind:Selling offersoffers made by the selle
20、r Buying offersoffers made by a buyer Firm offers or offers with engagement Indefinite offers or offers without engagement 第14 页/共85 页Firm offers A firm offer A firm offer or or an irrevocable offer an irrevocable offer or or an offer firm an offer firm,is intended to,is intended to make a contract
21、with the offeree.make a contract with the offeree.The terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be revoked The terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be revoked or amended without consents from the other party.Once it is or amended without consents from the other party.Once
22、it is unconditionally accepted by the offeree within its validity,the unconditionally accepted by the offeree within its validity,the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately.transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately.Until this time,the offer has legall
23、y binding force on the both Until this time,the offer has legally binding force on the both parties.parties.Such offer usually has phrases like:“we offer firm,or we make a Such offer usually has phrases like:“we offer firm,or we make a firm offer for the following goods”.firm offer for the following
24、 goods”.第15 页/共85 页Indefinite offers An indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror,and is stated unclear,An indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror,and is stated unclear,incomplete and with reservation.Some expressions can help the reader to incomplete and with reservation.Some expression
25、s can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer,such as,reference price,subject to our final identify this nature of the offer,such as,reference price,subject to our final confirmation,subject to being unsold.confirmation,subject to being unsold.Actually,quotation sheets and price lists c
26、an serve as offers without Actually,quotation sheets and price lists can serve as offers without engagement because they only include part of the terms,such as engagement because they only include part of the terms,such as descriptions,specifications and unit prices.They do not include those terms d
27、escriptions,specifications and unit prices.They do not include those terms about shipment,payment etc.about shipment,payment etc.第16 页/共85 页Counter-offers Definition Definition A counter-offer is A counter-offer is a reply to an offer that materially alters the terms a reply to an offer that materia
28、lly alters the terms of the offer.of the offer.The party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully The party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered.He may make a counter-offer,in accept the business terms offered.He may make a counte
29、r-offer,in which some alternations have been made about the business trade which some alternations have been made about the business trade terms,such as,the price or other terms with the purpose of terms,such as,the price or other terms with the purpose of bargaining.bargaining.There are also two ki
30、nds of counter-offer:one with engagement There are also two kinds of counter-offer:one with engagement and the other is without engagement.and the other is without engagement.第17 页/共85 页Acceptance(Accept)Definition Definition An acceptance is An acceptance is an unconditional assent to an offer,or a
31、n assent an unconditional assent to an offer,or an assent conditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.conditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.The acceptance,in practice,serves to conclude the business transaction.It The acceptance,i
32、n practice,serves to conclude the business transaction.It must be absolute and unconditional,otherwise,it is not an acceptance but a must be absolute and unconditional,otherwise,it is not an acceptance but a counter-offer.counter-offer.An acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the off
33、er is An acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the offer is directed.directed.第18 页/共85 页 It is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is It is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is usually signed to bind both the seller and t
34、he buyer.usually signed to bind both the seller and the buyer.A formal contract should be prepared in duplicate.Both parties A formal contract should be prepared in duplicate.Both parties should sign each copy,and each party should keep a sign of it.should sign each copy,and each party should keep a
35、 sign of it.Some of the contracts commonly used in foreign trade are available Some of the contracts commonly used in foreign trade are available in printed forms,so that only the date,price,name of commodities,in printed forms,so that only the date,price,name of commodities,names of parties,and sim
36、ilar particulars are needed to be filled in.names of parties,and similar particulars are needed to be filled in.Formation of contracts第19 页/共85 页Definition of contracts A contract is simply A contract is simply an agreement that defines relationship between an agreement that defines relationship bet
37、ween one or more parties.one or more parties.A commercial contract,in the simplest term,is A commercial contract,in the simplest term,is merely an agreement made by two or more parties for the purpose merely an agreement made by two or more parties for the purpose of transacting business.of transact
38、ing business.If the seller works out a contract,it is called a If the seller works out a contract,it is called a sales contract sales contract;or if;or if the buyer works it out,it is called a the buyer works it out,it is called a purchase contract purchase contract.第20 页/共85 页Business procedures en
39、quiry enquiry offer offer counter-offer counter-offer acceptance acceptance formation of contract.formation of contract.Apply for opening a letter of credit through a bank Apply for opening a letter of credit through a bank receive a complete set of shipping documents receive a complete set of shipp
40、ing documents check check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each or examine the documents in strict conformity with each other other apply for the commodity inspection and apply for the commodity inspection and quarantine quarantine apply for customs entry&customs apply for customs
41、entry&customs formalities clearance formalities clearance collect the consignments from collect the consignments from the forwarder at the port of entering the forwarder at the port of entering fetch the goods fetch the goods to the plant for production to the plant for production get the quality ce
42、rtificate get the quality certificate from the CCIB(China Commodity Inspection Bureau from the CCIB(China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中 中国商品检验局 国商品检验局)complain and plain and claim.第21 页/共85 页Methods and techniques 翻译的形式 直译(literal translation)不等于对译 意译(free translation)活译(dynamic equivalence translat
43、ion)第22 页/共85 页 They dont know their right hand from their left.I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.All roads lead to Rome.I want to hit the sack and get some Zs.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems ev
44、aporate.第23 页/共85 页 Maybe he has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.Cast pearls before swine.She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.I threw myself in a chair.He has to make a terrible decision.第24 页/共85 页词类转换(P.8,106,236)英语名词转换成汉语动词 英语名词转换成汉语动词(与英语中名词转为(与英语中名词转为动词词义不同)动词词义不同)All I wan
45、ted was to go somewhere,all I wanted All I wanted was to go somewhere,all I wanted was a was a change change.我只不过是想到别的地方去,我 我只不过是想到别的地方去,我只想 只想 换换空气 换换空气。英语名词转换为汉语形容词,副词 英语名词转换为汉语形容词,副词He noticed a very close He noticed a very close agreement agreement between the between the two countries on the pr
46、oblem.two countries on the problem.他注意到两国在 他注意到两国在这问题上的意见是非常 这问题上的意见是非常 一致的 一致的。第25 页/共85 页 The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity.There is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.The board of directors will hold
47、 a consultation about the matter.The firm has a large business connection.第26 页/共85 页 There is a large attendance at the Fair.Withdraw of offer Revocation of offer Termination of offer Without his consent or confirmation She is a real beauty.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.第27
48、 页/共85 页 We find difficulty in solving this problem.It is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.The blockade was a success.第28 页/共85 页 人称代词的省略 人称代词的省略 英语冠词的省略 英语冠词的省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon.The blood-red sun sank below the horizon.火红 火红的太阳沉入地
49、平线。的太阳沉入地平线。增减法 增减法增词法 增词法An American officer slipped on a banana skin.An American officer slipped on a banana skin.一个美国军官 一个美国军官 踩在 踩在 香蕉皮上滑到了。香蕉皮上滑到了。减词法 减词法Could you help me in any way?Could you help me in any way?你能帮帮我吗?你能帮帮我吗?翻译中的省略,增减第29 页/共85 页 Dont put your hands in your pocket.I am afraid s
50、he will come.We had much rain last summer.We live and learn.They say he is a genius.Give him an inch and hell take an ell.Liquids are like solids in that they have definite volume.The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.第30 页/共85 页 In most cases,b