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1、Definition of Poetry*distinctivestyleandrhythm;agenreofliterature.*aconcentratedimaginativeawarenessofexperienceinlanguage*aspecialemotionalresponsethroughitsmeaning,sound,andrhythm.第1页/共52页Types of Poetry Lyric poetry Narrative poetry Dramatic poetry第2页/共52页 Lyric poetry Lyricisabriefsubjectivepoem
2、stronglymarkedbyimagination,melodyandemotion,andcreatingasingleunifiedimpression.Narrative poetryNarrative poetry is one that tells a story or presents a narrative,whether simple orcomplex,long or short.Epics,ballads and metrical romances are among the manykindsofnarrativepoems.第3页/共52页 Dramatic poe
3、tryA thirdkindofpoetryisdramaticpoetrywhichiswrittenintheformofaspeechofanindividualcharactertoanimaginaryaudience;itcompressesintoasinglevividscene a narrative sense of the speakers history and psychological insight into hischaracter.This kind of poetry,as the term suggests,employs dramatic form or
4、 someelementofdramatictechnique.第4页/共52页The Language in Poetry The Language in poetry may differ still further from that of prose.Since thefunctionofpoetryistopresentIMAGESconcretely,itistheresponsibilityofthepoetto select language that succeeds in making those IMAGES concrete and the specialwords r
5、ich in connotative value and carrying implications of sound,color,andactionthesearethespecialstockofthegenuinePOET.第5页/共52页RhythmPoetryisoftenconsideredastherhythmiccreationofbeauty(EdgarAllenPoe).Apoemisdividedintostanzaorstrophe(诗节),whichissubdividedintoverseorline(行).Each line is divided into sev
6、eral feet(音步).Foot is arranged according to the stress,and this forms the meter(格律).In a foot,“-”symbolizes stress,which iscalled“扬”inChinese,and“”symbolizesnon-stress,whichiscalled“抑”inChinese.第6页/共52页Rhythmcomesfromtheregularpatternofthestressandnon-stress.Accordingtotherules of the arrangement of
7、 the stresses and non-stresses,the most commonly usedmeterofEnglishpoetryisdividedinto:A.Iambicfoot(Iamb)()(/)抑扬格Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?B.Trochaicfoot(Trochee)()(/)扬抑格 Everylittlestreamisbright,第7页/共52页C.Anapesticfoot(Anapest)()(/)抑抑扬格Forthemoonneverbeamswithoutbringingmedreams.D.Dactyli
8、cfoot(Dacty1)()(/)扬抑抑格Slowlythemistoerthemeadowwascreeping.E.Amphibrachfoot(Amphibrach)：()(/)F.Spondee：（）（/）G.Pyrrhic：（）第8页/共52页Kinds of Verse:Alineconsistsofseveralfeet.Accordingtothenumberoffoot,footisdividedinto:A.Monometer(单音步)：Itrust.B.Dimeter(双音步)：Thewildwindsweep.C.Trimeter(三音步)：Theirsnottoma
9、kereply.D.Tetrameter(四音步)：Helivestolearninlifeshardschool.第9页/共52页E.Pentameter(五音步)：Thepoetryofearthisneverdead.F.Hexameter.(六音步):G.Peptameter(七音步)H.Octametre(八音步)第10页/共52页Kinds of Meters:Verse rhythm Averseconsistsofdifferentkindsoffeet.A.IambicMonometer：AnddieB.TrochaicDimeter:Richthetreasure.C.Ia
10、mbicTrimeter：Theirsnottomakereply.(AnapesticTrimeter：Downtothedepthsofthesea)第11页/共52页 D.IambicTetrameter：Row,brother,row,thestreamisfast(TrochaicTetrameter：Lifeisreal!Lifeisearnest!)(AmphibrachTetrameter：Afarmerwenttrottinguponhisgreymare)E.IambicPentameter：Farewell,thetranquilmind,farewell,content
11、!Andswimsorsinks,orwades,orcreeps,orflies.Pleasinthesilentshadewithemptypraise.第12页/共52页3.4 Rhyme(Rime):a repetition of the same sound.Alliteration：The initial same sound,normally consonants,especially at the beginning of words,orstressedsyllables,arerepeated.Themoanofdovesinimmemorialelms.Andmurmur
12、ingofinnumerablebees.A.Tennyson,Princes.第13页/共52页 Assonance：a repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds,usually close together quite inrhyme.e.g.1)ThewavescameoverthebrokenshipTillallhersidesweretorn第14页/共52页 Consonance：harmony of consonant.The same consonants follow different vowel sounds ofwo
13、rdsclosetoeachother.e.g.1)apalegoldchord.End rhyme：Rhyme scheme.A.Park-dark,make-break,low-foe.(Normalrhyme)B.one-bone,stood-blood.(Eyerhyme)第15页/共52页 Some stanza formsA.Couplet,usuallyiambictetrameterandiambicpentameter(heroiccouplet)B.Tercet(triplet).C.Quatrain.D.Five-versestanza.E.SextetF.Seven-v
14、ersestanzaG.Octave(Triple).H.Sonnet第16页/共52页Imagery Imageryreferstothesensoryimagesproducedbywords.Imageryisthelifeof a good poem.Imagery is divided into visual image,auditory image,olfactory image(嗅 觉),tactile image(触 觉),gustatory image(味 觉)，kinaestheticimage(动觉),abstractimage,etc.第17页/共52页Topic 2I
15、ntroduction to sonnet2.1Definitionofsonnetfourteenlinesusuallyiniambicpentametersumupinlastlinesofthepoem.第18页/共52页Topic 2Introduction to sonnetTopic 2Introduction to sonnet2.2TypesofSonnetTherearethreedominanttypesofsonnet:Petrarchansonnet(theItaliansonnet):abba,abba,cde,cde DefinitionofPetrarchans
16、onnetThe first 8 lines form an octave,which rhymes abba,abba and the remaining 6linesformasestetwhichrhymes cde,cde.Spenseriansonnet:abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee Shakespearean sonnet(the English sonnet or Elizabethan sonnet):abab,cdcd,efef,gg.第19页/共52页2.3 Shakespearean sonnet2.3.1DefinitionofShakespeareansonne
17、tShakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains with a rhyming scheme ababcdcdefefandendswithacoupletrhyminggg.Inthethreequatrainsthethemeisput forward and developed,and in the couplet the sonnet ends with a surpriseconclusionorshiftofideas.Thequatrainsproduceasweepingmovementwhiletheconcluding co
18、uplet often comes to be an effective epigram and also makes thethemeofthepoemclearer.第20页/共52页Topic 2Introduction to sonnetTopic 2Introduction to sonnet2.3.2Contents:Shakespeares sonnets aretheonlydirect expression ofthepoets ownfeelings.Hissonnetsnumbered1-126areaddressedtoahandsomeyoungnobleman,Sh
19、akespearesbeloved friend and a rival poet.The poems expresses the writers selfless but notentirelyuncriticaldevotiontotheyoungman.Thesonnetsnumbered127-152involveamistressofShakespeare,amysterious“DarkLady”.Thesonnetsnumbered153-154areallegoricalandaddressedtoCupid,theGodofloveinGreekmythology.第21页/
20、共52页Topic 2Introduction to sonnetTopic 2Introduction to sonnet2.3.3CharacteristicsofShakespearessonnetsShakespeares sonnets is characterized by the expression of strong feelings with anexquisitely controlled artistic form.The theme of love and infidelity is dominant inboth sets of poems.The theme is
21、 interwoven with motifs of beauty,immorality,andthe ravages of time and with lyrical speculation about poetrys power to maintainbondsofloveandtoimmortalizethebeloved.第22页/共52页 2.3.4 Themesdestructiveeffectsoftimethequicknessofphysicaldecaythelossofbeauty,vigor,andlovecelebrationoflife第23页/共52页2.3.5
22、Shakespeares contributionShakespeares contribution to English literature not only lies in the creation ofmanyimmortalworks,butalsointheimprovementofthedramatictechniquesandthecreationofShakespeariansonnetbyrevising the Italian sonnet.第24页/共52页Topic3StudyofSonnet 183.1 The main ideaThesonnetstartswit
23、haquestionthatmightleadtoaveryordinary conceit；instead it introduces a profoundmeditation on time,change and beauty.Normally,tocomparethebelovedtothedaysofearlysummerortothedazzling beauty of the glorious sun would be consideredhigh praise.However,the poet considers the comparisoninadequate,for just
24、 like the shortness of summer,mansyouthandbeautywillfadeaway.Thenthepoetexpressesaveryboldidea:thatbeautifulthingscanrelyontheforceof literature to their eternity;and literature is created byman,thusitdeclaresmanseternity.第25页/共52页 3.2 ThemesKey words:Praising the beauty of the young man;Transience
25、of beauty in nature;Immortality of art ingeneral(poetryinparticular)In the poem Shakespeare has a profound meditation onthe destructive power of time and the eternal beautybrought forth by poetry to the one he loves.A nicesummersdayisusuallytransient,butthebeautyinpoetrycan last for ever.Thus Shakes
26、peare has a faith in thepermanence of poetry.The poet eulogizes the power ofartisticcreation.Literaturewillbecomepartoftime.Theemphatic tone of the poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly-arisen commercial bourgeoisie.Andthevivid,variableandrichimagesreflectthelivelyand adventurous spirit
27、s of those who were opening newspaceandcreatingnewworld.第26页/共52页3.3 The four steps in the composition of the poemIntroduction(Opening),Elucidationofthetheme(Developing)Transitiontoanotherviewpoint(Changing)Summingup(Concluding)第27页/共52页For example:Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more
28、 lovely and more temperate：Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And Summers lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance,or natures changing course untrimmed;But thy eter
29、nal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst,So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long live this,and this gives life to thee.Introduction(起)Elucidation(承)Transition(转)Conclusion
30、(合)第28页/共52页3.4 Stylistic features of the sonnet3.4.1 Structure:Thepoemconsistsofthreequatrainsandaconcluding couplet of iambic pentameter,with the rhymeschemeababcdcdefefgg.Meter (with respect to tonal pattern):Iambus(抑扬格)/IambicFoot(抑扬音步)5-footIambus/IambicPentameter（五步抑扬格）ShallIcomparetheetoasumm
31、ersday?ThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperateRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummersleasehathalltooshortadate.第29页/共52页3.4 Stylistic features of the sonnetRhyme scheme:ababcdcdefefgg.Shall I compare thee to a summers d ay?a Thou art more lovely and more temperate：b Rough winds do shake the darlin
32、g buds of May,a And Summers lease hath all too short a d ate:b Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,c And often is his gold complexion dimmed;d And every fair from fair sometime declines,c By chance,or natures changing course untr immed;d But thy eternal summer shall not fade,e Nor lose possess
33、ion of that fair thou owst,f Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade,e When in eternal lines to time thou growst,f So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,g So long live this,and this gives life to thee.g第30页/共52页3.4.2FiguresofspeechRhetorical question:Shall I compare thee to a summers d
34、ay?Simile:thee to a summers day Metaphor:the eye of heaven:referring to the sun;eternal summer:immortal(ever-lasting)youthfulness Personification:Rough winds;Death:(personification)thedestroyeroflifeRepetition:eternal;so long;can;this第31页/共52页3.4.2FiguresofspeechAlliteration:fair from fair;chance or
35、 natures changing courseContrast:natural summer thy summer;short eternal;leased owst;hot temperate;Rough lovely;dimmed not fadeImagery:Rough winds;darling buds;Hot eye;Gold complexion(The poet usesimages not only to create physical experiences but also to establish moods,andmakethethememoreconcretea
36、ndconcentrated.)第32页/共52页 3.5 Textual appreciationLines 1-2 Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate：Paraphrase:HowcanIcompareyoutoa summers day since you are lovelierandgentlerthanit?/IfIcomparedyoutoasummersday,Idhavetosayyouaremorebeautifulandserene.第33页/共52页D
37、etailedstudy“Shall I compare thee to a summers day?”：It is a rhetorical questionwithout answer.And here hyperbole is employed.Normally,to compare thebeloved to the days of early summer would be considered high praise,because in the rainy and foggy England,summer is a mild and floweringseason.Thusiti
38、ntroducesaprofoundmeditationontime,changeandbeauty.第34页/共52页“Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate”：However,thepoetconsidersthecomparison of a summers day is inadequate,for just like the shortness ofsummer,mans youth and beauty will fade away.The word“more”suggestsinfinite tenderness.The“lovely”implies
39、the beautiful complexion of thebeloved.Andthe“temperate”impliesthenatureofthebeloved.Note that the second line actually serves as the adverbial cause to the firstline.(Implication:Youaremuchbetter,muchmorebeautifulthansummer.)第35页/共52页 Thefirsttwolinesintroduceasubjectofthepoem.Archaism:thee:you(the
40、 object form of thou);thou:you (the subject form of you);art:are(ThesingularofthesecondpersoninoldEnglish:-est,-st,-t,e.g.art=are,owst=owe,wandrest=wander,growst=grow.)asummersday:InEngland,summerisnothotbutcomfortablywarm.Itisthemostpleasantseasonoftheyear.“day”:theperiodorseasonofasummer.temperate
41、:gentle,soft,mild,tender.第36页/共52页 Lines 3-4 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And Summers lease hath all too short a date.Paraphrase:In fact,the violent winds do destroy thelovelybudsofMay,andsummerlastsforonlyaveryshortperiodoftime.第37页/共52页Detailedstudyrough:violent;terrible.Hereperson
42、ificationisemployed.doshake:Theword“do”isusedhereforemphasis.darling:lovely;dear;charming.lease:period;(a term used in law)the length of time during which a legalagreementistolast.Hereitisfigurativelyused,meaning“lifetime”.Archaism:hath:“has”.date:periodoftime.第38页/共52页The main idea of the first qua
43、train:The poet makes an introduction by explaining that though summer of thenatural world is very beautiful,it is no better than his friend.It mayexistforonlyalimitedperiodoftimesinceithasalotofshortcomings.第39页/共52页 Lines 5-6Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion
44、 dimmed;Paraphrase:Sometimesthesunshinestoo hot,and its golden brightness isoftencoveredordarkenedbyclouds.第40页/共52页Detailedstudysometime:sometimes;occasionally;nowandthen;fromtimetotimetheeyeofheaven:(metaphor)referringtothesungoldcomplexion:thegoldenbrightnessofthesuncomplexion:naturalcolorandappe
45、aranceoftheskinofthefacedimmed:notbright第41页/共52页 Lines 7-8And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance,or natures changing course untrimmed;Paraphrase:Everything beautiful may lose its beauty.Thebeautymaybedestroyedunexpectedlyorbythelawofchange(thenormalorderofchange)inthenaturalworld.第42页
46、/共52页Detailedstudyeveryfair:everybeautifulobject,oreverybeautifulperson(everythingbeautiful)fair:beauty.Notethatthefirst“fair”referstotheindividual,whilethesecond“fair”referstowhole,theconceptofbeauty.decline:fadeaway;movefromabettertoaworseconditionchance:someunexpectednaturaldisaster,suchasearthqu
47、ake,flood,etc.natureschangingcourse:thelawofchangeinthenaturalworlduntrimmed:destroyed(bestrippedofbeauty).Alsonotetheinvertedorderhere第43页/共52页 The main idea of the second quatrain:Shakespeare supports his view by citing moreexamples of the shortcomings of summer andpointing out the fact that every
48、thing beautifulmay finally lose its beauty and may finallydisappearcompletelyfromtheworld.第44页/共52页 Lines 9-12 But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst,Paraphrase:Ifyouar
49、ewritteninaneternalpoem,youwillbecomepartoftime,you will always be young or your youthfulness will be everlasting(will neverdisappear),and you will never lose your beauty,and even Death shall not boastthatyouareunderhiscontrol.第45页/共52页Detailedstudyeternalsummer:(metaphor)immortal(ever-lasting)youth
50、fulnessfade:disappeargraduallypossession:ownershipthouowst:youown;youhaveDeath:(personification)thedestroyeroflifebrag:boastaboutwandrestinhisshade:walkaboutinhisdarkness;beunderhiscontroleternallines:immortallinesofpoetrysuchasthelinesinthispoemtotimethougrowst:youllbecomeapartoftime;youllgrowtoget