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1、Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Larg
2、e-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 大型汽轮发电机组转子绕组匝间短路故障的诊断与评价大亚湾核电运营管理有限公司大亚湾核电运营管理有限公司技术部技术部RCARCA组组 关建军关建军 Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn
3、Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 1.1.转子转子绕组绕组匝间短路特点匝间短路特点2.2.匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点 3.3.对转子匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价对转子匝间
4、短路故障诊断方法的评价 4 4.转子匝间短路故障诊断实例转子匝间短路故障诊断实例 5.5.转子绕组匝间短路的故障定位转子绕组匝间短路的故障定位 6.6.如何提高匝间短路故障诊断的有效性如何提高匝间短路故障诊断的有效性 7 7结论结论 目录目录1/20/20231/20/20232 2Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Int
5、erturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 1）匝间短路故障在转子电气绝缘事故中占较大比例。达80%2）转子匝间短路故障的危害：绝缘烧损接地线棒变形或烧熔烧坏护环大轴磁化烧伤轴颈和轴瓦转子本体烧损（毁）1.1.转子
6、转子绕组绕组匝间短路特点匝间短路特点1/20/20231/20/20233 3Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale
7、Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 3）匝间短路的表现：转子电流显著增加发电机组无功出力降低绕组温度升高电压波形畸变发电机组轴系振动增大轴电压升高4）匝间短路通常分为两类：与运行（转速和温度）相关的非稳定性匝间短路与运行无关的稳定性匝间短路 这些现象是转子匝间短路已明显出现时的特征 现代检测技术更注重于匝间短路故障的早期诊断。1.1.转子转子绕组绕组匝间短路特点匝间短路特点（续）（续）1/20/20231/2
8、0/20234 4Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circui
9、t of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 2.2.匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点1 1）按照检测方式分类：）按照检测方式分类：机组停运状态下的静态检测（离线检测）机组运行状态下的动态检测（在线检测）2 2）检测方法：）检测方法：离线检测交流阻抗法和功率损耗法极平衡检查法直流阻抗法开口变压器法交流或直流匝间压降法RSO重复脉冲法（冲击脉冲法）1/20/20231/20/20235 5Study on Diagnosis for Rotor Windi
10、ngStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Ci
11、rcuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 2.2.匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点(续）续）在线检测对动态匝间短路的检测采用有不同转速下的交流阻抗测量法极平衡电压法探测线圈波形法励磁电流相对变化率识别法 轴接地电流诊断法3）应用情况：探测线圈波形法在300MW及以上的发电机中已广泛使用而对RSO试验(冲击脉冲法)目前国内应用较少。1/20/20231/20/20236 6Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Di
12、agnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 2.2.匝间短路故障
13、的检测方法及特点匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点(续）续）RSO试验（冲击脉冲法）应用的是波过程理论（行波技术），当信号发生器发出的低压脉冲信号（行波）沿绕组传播到阻抗突变点时，会导致反射波和透射波的出现，由此会在检测点测得与正常回路无阻抗突变时不同的响应特性曲线。此方法是基于绕组沿线波阻抗的变化来进行检测。匝间短路的程度通过故障点处的波阻抗变化大小来反映，显示在示波图上可以用两个响应特性曲线合成的平展程度来判定，有突起的地方说明匝间存在异常，并且突起的波幅大小就表明短路故障的严重程度。因此，即使绕组出现一匝短路故障，应用RSO技术对故障的甄别也有很高的灵敏度。1/20/20231/20/2023
14、7 7Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of L
15、arge-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 2.2.匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点(续）续）气隙波形检测技术是基于发电机转子励磁电流所产生的主磁通和槽中的漏磁通密度的测量，探测线圈测得的电压尖脉冲是槽内有效匝数的槽漏磁和气隙磁通密度波形畸变的合成。当探测线圈距转子表面距离越小，则测量到的感应电压就越高（灵敏度就越高）。因此，气隙探测线圈实际的安装距离对检测结果及分析影响很大。而气隙磁通密度波形的畸变因数在气隙磁通密度过零处是最小的。当发电机开路时气隙磁通密度是在
16、正交轴线处过零，随着负荷的增加过零从正交轴线逐渐超前于磁极，其现象与功角随负荷移动类似。因此，在发电机负荷大小使气隙波形过零点对应在绕组短路的匝位时，采用气隙波形检测的匝间短路才有最大的灵敏度。1/20/20231/20/20238 8Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Intertu
17、rn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 2.2.匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点(续）续）1/20/20231/20/20239 9Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagno
18、sis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-sc
19、ale Turbine Generator 2.2.匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点匝间短路故障的检测方法及特点(续）续）转子匝间短路的诊断技术涉及到两个方面的问题:一是转子匝间短路的早期发现；二是匝间短路的故障定位。能够较早地发现转子匝间短路的方法就是RSO重复脉冲法（RepetitiveSurgeOscillograph）和气隙探测线圈波形测量法。这两种方法理论上可以检测几匝范围内的匝间故障甚至可测到某一匝绕组的短路故障。因此，能够较准确的确定在转子绕组匝间短路的具体线圈或具体槽位。其它方法适用于较严重的匝间故障检测或匝间故障点的定位。1/20/20231/20/20231010Study o
20、n Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale
21、 Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 3.3.对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价1）匝间短路故障状态模式：对匝间短路故障的诊断技术的特性进行比较和评价，将转子绕组匝间短路故障状态模式定义为三个阶段：萌芽期发展期故障期。1/20/20231/20/20231111Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStu
22、dy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 3.3.对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价（续）（续）
23、萌芽期（萌芽期（Embryonic stageEmbryonic stage）：）：转子绕组匝间出现初始异常征兆，但传统的检测方法并不能发现这种异常。机组运行也未受到影（发电机组振动、励磁电流、机组无功及轴电压等均符合正常运行工况）。匝间的故障可以表现为局部过热、匝间以稳定的高阻短路、或匝间绝缘间存在油污、漆片等污染物。这种状况可以保持相对较长的时期，如3年、5年或更长的时间。在这种模式下机组可以在满发的状态下保持连续运行。这种故障征兆会由于污染物的脱落而减轻，有不稳定的特征。通过大修吹扫或采用特殊的材料（干冰）清洗有可能消除或减轻这种匝间异常现象。1/20/20231/20/20231212
24、Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Larg
25、e-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 发展期发展期(Developing stageDeveloping stage）：）：发展期指得是匝间短路已经可以通过一些传统的方法鉴别。这种状态下机组运行已经出现异常，匝间短路基本或已经具备稳定特征。发电机运行状况下出现振动增大、机组励磁和无功受到影响等，但运行工况限制尚未突破，在限制负荷和有效监督等保护措施下来控制机组的运行状态，可维持机组在短期内（几个月至一年）为电站经济效益和大修的统筹而带病运行。如某600MW发电机组，运行中发现转子绕组发生
26、匝间短路，运行表现为振动大、无功降低等，在维持机组运行达6个月后，机组进入年度大修，解体转子绕组发现存在大范围的匝间短路。3.3.对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价（续）（续）1/20/20231/20/20231313Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Inte
27、rturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 故障期故障期(Failure stageFailure stage）：）：绕组匝间绝缘已经出现明显的严重短路征兆，发电机组振动超标、无功严重降低（励磁电流超过额定要求）、转子温度高等异常运行工况已经危机发电机组的
28、安全运行，甚至包括已经促发转子接地等故障的发生。这种情况下随时会导致设备严重损坏并出现事故的扩大。因此，这种状态下要求机组立即停机进行故障处理和全面检修。3.3.对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价（续）（续）1/20/20231/20/20231414Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Intertur
29、n Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 3.3.对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价对匝间短路故障诊断方法的评价（续）（续）序号检测方法对故障状态模式检测效果特点与评价萌芽期发展期故障期1RSO试验有效有效有效静态检测，试验方法
30、简单，灵敏度高，定位到槽。2气隙波形检测法不明显有效有效动态检测，依赖数据处理技术和专家可诊断萌芽期故障模式。在15%-30%匝间短路状态有足够的灵敏度。3匝间压降法（交流或直流）不明显有效有效静态检测，试验较复杂，灵敏度很高。可定位。4交流阻抗及损耗法 无效有效有效静态、动态检测，变化超过5%以上能检测。不能定位。5单开口变压器法不明显有效有效静态检测，准确度较高，可定位到槽。6双开口变压器法不明显不明显有效静态检测，比方法5简单，准确度较高，可定位到槽。7直流电阻法无效有效有效静态检测，对萌芽期、发展期检测效果差，不能定位。8发电机空载或三相稳定短路法无效有效有效动态专项试验，灵敏度差，不
31、能定位。1/20/20231/20/20231515Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Gener
32、ator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 2号机组从1999年12月第六次大修RSO试验中发现匝间绝缘存在异常。分析在Z极8号线圈的第1至2匝的位置可能存在匝间短路。随后对Opp.Z极第8号线圈上两匝进行模拟短路试验，观察Opp.Z极波形变化，发现它与Z极波形几乎完全重合。期间对转子绕组进行交流阻抗试验（膛内、外），试验结果正常。这也表明阻抗法对大型发电机转子的匝间短路检测是不敏感的。到机组2001年第八次大修匝间短路发生前缺陷发展缓慢，与
33、最初的异常波形相比变化不是很明显。4 4.转子匝间短路故障诊断实例转子匝间短路故障诊断实例 1/20/20231/20/20231616Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator
34、Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 2002年3月12日2号发电机出口发生两相短路，故障冲击加速了匝间短路的发展。2号机组故障前后启停期间的气隙波形发现有较明显的匝间短路现象，RSO试验也发现明显的匝间短路现象。故障后的转子RSO波形（见图1所示）与第八次大修结果相比响应特性曲线已有所变化。到3月27日发电机启动后出现接地故障，停机检测RSO波形，如图
35、2所示，发现绕组第7和第8匝已明显存在匝间短路现象（解体检查证实匝间短路发生）。根据电站转子匝间短路故障检测的历史经验总结，可认为RSO试验可以覆盖匝间故障发展三个阶段的过程检测，气隙波形检测则可以有效的检测后两个阶段的故障，而作为其它传统的检测方法仅用于在短路故障发展期后期以及故障期时有比较好的效果。4 4.转子匝间短路故障诊断实例转子匝间短路故障诊断实例（续）（续）1/20/20231/20/20231717Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis f
36、or Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 4 4.转子匝间短路故障诊断实例转子匝
37、间短路故障诊断实例（续）（续）1/20/20231/20/20231818Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Tu
38、rbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 始端末端 7、8槽4 4.转子匝间短路故障诊断实例转子匝间短路故障诊断实例（续）（续）始端末端2 2槽槽第2槽始端末端1/20/20231/20/20231919Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingS
39、tudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 4 4.转子匝间短路故障诊断实例转子匝间短路故障诊断实例（续）（续）图图
40、1.011.01年年1212月出口故障前径向探月出口故障前径向探测线测线圈波形圈波形 图图2.022.02年年3 3月出口故障后径向探月出口故障后径向探测线测线圈波形圈波形 1/20/20231/20/20232020Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short
41、Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 4 4.转子匝间短路故障诊断实例转子匝间短路故障诊断实例（续）（续）1#1#generatorgenerator 1/20/20231/20/20232121Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStu
42、dy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit
43、 of Large-scale Turbine Generator 5.5.转子绕组匝间短路的故障定位转子绕组匝间短路的故障定位当发电机转子绕组出现匝间短路故障并经分析确认需要解体修复时，对短路故障点位置的精确定位就显得极为重要。除了RSO试验和气隙波形检测可以判断故障点在那一槽外，两极电压平衡检查、单开口变压器法、双开口变压器法和直流或交流压降法均可在不同程度对故障位置进行鉴别。采用交流或直流压降法能够很有效的实现短路点的定位。特别是在转子绕组存在多点匝间短路故障的情况下采用电压降法更为方便和准确。1/20/20231/20/20232222Study on Diagnosis for Ro
44、tor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator
45、 Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 5.5.转子绕组匝间短路的故障定位转子绕组匝间短路的故障定位Z极第7号线圈Opp.Z极第7号线圈励 端A点励 端B点汽 端C点汽 端D点励 端A点励端B点汽 端C点汽 端D点1-2匝164.5 172.4169.1169.260.869.266.0266.62-3匝174.5179.5177.1177.145.940.053.553.63-4匝186.0187.1187.8187.718.244.234.233.64-5匝186.0184.0184.0185.020.316.23.34.55-6匝1
46、86.0124.0183.0184.043.221.135.034.86-7匝183.0163.0178.0178.055.243.349.649.87-8匝173.0152.0167.0168.060.154.458.857.81/20/20231/20/20232323Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Intertur
47、n Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 5.5.转子绕组匝间短路的故障定位转子绕组匝间短路的故障定位对匝间故障短路点的定位，采用交流压降法和采用直流压降法都能够比较准确的实现故障定位。国内一般普遍的做法是采用直流压降法进
48、行查找故障点。对于现在的大型汽轮发电机组，只要借助于特别的检测工具完全可以在不拔转子护环的条件下对转子绕组进行电压降测量。通过压降法检测的数据可以按照绕组线圈的长度计算短路点的具体位置，对于存在多处匝间短路的故障，也可以通过上面例子中的电压降的差别进行判断。1/20/20231/20/20232424Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Inte
49、rturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator Short Circuit of Large-scale Turbine Generator 6.6.提高匝间短路故障诊断的有效性提高匝间短路故障诊断的有效性存在的问题存在的问题：发电机气隙波形检测给出的是一定负荷下的磁通密度的合成，目前对检测波
50、形的处理和分析方法上国内外尚未形成统一的标准。由于负荷的条件不同其磁场畸变因数的影响也不相同，从而容易造成误判断。目前国内外有均有软件实现对气隙波形的定量化分析。1/20/20231/20/20232525Study on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor WindingStudy on Diagnosis for Rotor Winding Interturn Interturn Interturn Interturn Short Circui