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1、食品敏感性、过敏性反应和食品不耐性现在学习的是第1页，共137页CONTENTS 主要内容lDEFINITION AND MECHANISMS OF ADVERSE FOOD REACTION第一节 食品不良反应的定义和机理lSYMPTOMS OF ADVERSE FOOD REACTIONS第二节 食品不良反应的症状lDIAGNOSIS OF ADVERSE FOOD REACTIONS第三节 食品不良反应的诊断法现在学习的是第2页，共137页lPREVALENCE第四节 发病率lFOOD ALLERGENS第五节 食品过敏原lFOOD ADDITIVES第六节 食品添加剂lFOOD LAB
2、ELING IN RELATION TO FOOD SENSITIVITIES 第七节 与食品过敏性有关的食品标签现在学习的是第3页，共137页DEFINITION AND MECHANISMS OF ADVERSE FOOD REACTION第一节第一节 食品不良反应的定义和食品不良反应的定义和机理机理现在学习的是第4页，共137页Fig.1 Classification of foods proposed by EAACI图1 EAACI对食品的分级现在学习的是第5页，共137页toxic food reactions 食品毒性反应lA classical toxic food react
3、ion is scombroid fish poisoning,due to large amounts of histamine 鲭亚目鱼组胺中毒是典型的食品毒性反应。现在学习的是第6页，共137页Food intolerance 食品不耐性 lenzymatic(resulting from an enzymatic defect,e.g.,lactase deficiency),“酶促性的”（因酶缺陷造成，如乳糖酶缺乏症）lpharmacological(depending on the direct effect of,e.g.,vaso-active amines naturally
4、 found in foods)“药理学的”（取决于直接效应，如食品中天然存在的血管活性胺）l“Undefined不明确的”现在学习的是第7页，共137页SYMPTOMS OF ADVERSE FOOD REACTIONS第二节第二节 食品不良反应的症状食品不良反应的症状现在学习的是第8页，共137页IgE-Mediated Food Allergy一、以IgE-为媒介的食品敏感症 现在学习的是第9页，共137页Characteristic 特征Clinical manifestations of IgE-mediated food allergy can remain localized a
5、t the site of the primary direct contact,i.e.,一直保持在最初的直接接触部位 the mouth 嘴throat(oral allergy syndrome)咽喉（口腔敏感综合症）the gastroiniesrinal tract(isolated gastrointestinal food allergy)胃肠道（单独的胃肠道食品敏感症）现在学习的是第10页，共137页Skin Respiratory tract GI tract Cardievascular S.皮肤 呼吸道 胃肠道 心脏血管系统45%25%20%10%Figure 2 Cla
6、ssical symptoms of IgE-mediated food ailergy图2 以IgE为媒介的食品敏感综合症分布现在学习的是第11页，共137页Oral Allergy Syndrome（一）口腔敏感综合病症 lAllergen:fresh foods(fruits and vegetables)过敏原：过敏原：新鲜食品（如水果和蔬菜）现在学习的是第12页，共137页lSymptom 症状：症状：Itching of the lips,mouth,palate，throat 嘴唇、嘴、上腭咽喉等处立即发痒Hoarseness and/or swelling of the lip
7、s,tongue,uvula,and larynx 嗓音嘶哑，嘴唇、舌头、小舌、喉等肿胀现在学习的是第13页，共137页Allergic Reactions After Ingestion of Food（二）摄入食品后的过敏反应 lSymptom 症状：症状：1）The main symptoms of gastrointestinal food allergy are vomiting,nausea,diarrhea,and abdominal pains(colics or cramps).胃肠道主要症状:呕吐、反胃、腹泻以及腹部疼痛（绞痛或痛性痉挛）；现在学习的是第14页，共137页2
8、)Skin reactions include local or generalized pruritus,flush,urticaria,angioedema.morbilliform exanthema,and flare-up of atopic dermatitis 皮肤反应：局部的或无显著特点的搔痒症、面部潮红、风疹、血管性水肿、麻疹样疹病、突发特异性皮炎；现在学习的是第15页，共137页3)The symptoms of the upper and the lower respiratory tract are rhinitis(sneezing,pruritus of the n
9、ose,nasal stuffiness,and nasal obstruction),larynx edema,cough,wheezing,and bronchial asthma.上呼吸道或稍低些的呼吸道症状：鼻炎（打喷嚏、鼻搔痒症、鼻子不通气、鼻塞）、喉肿、咳嗽、喘息以及支气管哮喘；现在学习的是第16页，共137页4)Itching,redness,and watering eyes(conjunctivitis)发痒、充血以及眼睛流泪（结膜炎）.现在学习的是第17页，共137页Allergic Reactions After Allergic Reactions After Inha
10、lation of Food Inhalation of Food（三）吸入食品后的过敏反应（三）吸入食品后的过敏反应lSymptom 症状：症状：respiratory symptoms 呼吸道综合症 现在学习的是第18页，共137页lAllergen:flour,n-amylase,green coffee,castor and soy beans,spices.egg white,and crustaceans 过过敏敏原原：面粉、-淀粉酶、绿咖啡、海狸香和大豆、调味品、鸡蛋白以及甲壳动物 现在学习的是第19页，共137页Allergic Reactions Following Skin
11、 Contact With Food（四）皮肤接触食品后的过敏反应 lAllergen:fish,shrimp,flour,and pork 过敏原：过敏原：鱼、小虾、面粉和猪肉 现在学习的是第20页，共137页lSymptom 症状：症状：Urticarial lesion 风疹lChronic contact with a food may induce protein contact,dermatitis in food handlers 食品操作工人长期接触某种食品会诱导蛋白接触性皮炎。现在学习的是第21页，共137页Non-lgE-Mediated Immune Reactions二
12、、不以IgE为媒介的免疫反应 现在学习的是第22页，共137页Heiners Syndrome,Allergic Alveolitis,and Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis in Childhood（一）儿童Heiner综合症、过敏性齿槽炎、出血性肠胃炎 DEFINITIONDEFINITION：The term Heiners syndrome characterizes a milk-induced syndrome with pulmonary disease in infants.Heiner综合症：婴儿因牛奶诱导的肺病 现在学习的是第23页，共137页lSy
13、mptom 症状：症状：chronic or recurrent pulmonary intiltrates chronic or recurrent pulmonary intiltrates 慢性或周期慢性或周期性发生的肺渗透性发生的肺渗透allergic alveolitis allergic alveolitis 过敏性齿槽炎过敏性齿槽炎a chronic rhinitis a chronic rhinitis 慢性鼻炎慢性鼻炎gastrointestinal blood loss gastrointestinal blood loss 肠胃失血症肠胃失血症iron deficienc
14、y anemia iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血缺铁性贫血chronic cough chronic cough 慢性咳嗽慢性咳嗽recurrent fever recurrent fever 周期性发烧周期性发烧Anorexia Anorexia 厌食厌食Vomiting Vomiting 呕吐呕吐Colic Colic 绞痛绞痛Diarrhea Diarrhea 腹泻腹泻Hemoptysis Hemoptysis 咳血咳血现在学习的是第24页，共137页lControl 控制措施：控制措施：linstitution of a milk-free diet饮食中去除
15、牛奶现在学习的是第25页，共137页Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy(Celiac Disease)（二）谷蛋白敏感性肠病（乳糜泻）（二）谷蛋白敏感性肠病（乳糜泻）lDefinitionDefinition：damage to the small intestinal mucosa and symptoms of malabsorption定义：定义：小肠黏膜损伤和吸收不良症状小肠黏膜损伤和吸收不良症状 现在学习的是第26页，共137页lAllergen Allergen 过敏原：过敏原：Gliadin Gliadin 麦醇溶蛋白麦醇溶蛋白present in whea
16、t,rye,barley,and oat present in wheat,rye,barley,and oat 广泛存在于小麦、燕麦、大麦和黑麦中广泛存在于小麦、燕麦、大麦和黑麦中 现在学习的是第27页，共137页The peak incidence of symptoms is in infancy after the introduction of cereals;婴儿开始添加谷物类食物时最容易发生这类症状，为第一高峰期；A second peak occurs during the third decade.第二高峰期发生在三十岁。现在学习的是第28页，共137页lSymptom 症状
17、：症状：labdominal pain周期性腹部疼痛lloose stools便溏lanorexia厌食lshort stature体态短小ldelayed puberty青春期滞缓lnutritional deficiencies吸收不良lDental enamel hypoplasia 牙科瓷发育不全lrecurrent aphthae周期性口疮 现在学习的是第29页，共137页lControl 控制措施：控制措施：Patients with celiac disease must avoid gliadins and related proteins permanently远离麦醇溶蛋白
18、以及相关蛋白质现在学习的是第30页，共137页Dermatitis Herpetiformis（三）疱疹样皮炎 lDefinition 定义：chronic blistering disease 一种慢性起疱疾病 现在学习的是第31页，共137页l Symptom 症状：症状：litchy 发痒lsometimes burning 有时有灼伤感leruption of grouped vesicles on an erythematous ground 在红斑状范围内出现成群泡样出疹 现在学习的是第32页，共137页lSome DH patients,even without gastroin
19、testinal symptoms,may have villous atrophy similar to that seen in celiac disease有些DH病人甚至在没有出现胃肠道综合症的情况下，也会出现与乳糜泻类似的绒毛状萎缩症，也就是说DH与CD之间有关连。lThe cutaneous manifestations may or may not respond to a gluten-free diet饮食中排除麦醇溶蛋白可能会、也有可能不会改善皮肤症状。现在学习的是第33页，共137页Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis（四）嗜酸性胃肠炎lDefinit
20、ion Definition 定义：定义：elevated eosinophil counts in blood and tissue eosinophilia with release of eosinophii major basic protein 释放嗜曙红细胞主要基本蛋白质后，血液中嗜曙红细胞和嗜曙红血球增多的间质组织内嗜曙红细胞计数值升高 现在学习的是第34页，共137页l Clinical manifestations 临床症状：临床症状：l vomiting 呕吐labdominal pain 腹部疼痛lDiarrhea 腹泻l malabsorption 吸收不良lbowel
21、 obstruction 肠阻塞lAscites 腹水现在学习的是第35页，共137页lThe cause of EG is unknown 起因还不清楚lfood hypersensitivity has been suggested EG可能由食品超敏性引起现在学习的是第36页，共137页Utcerative Colitis（五）溃疡性结肠炎lDefinition 定义：an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin 一种不明起因的炎症性肠病 现在学习的是第37页，共137页lNo adverse food reactions have be
22、en shown as causative of UC 还不能证明食品不良反应会造成UC 现在学习的是第38页，共137页Allergic Vasculitis（六）变应性脉管炎 lCause Cause 起因：起因：foods and food additives 食品及其添加剂现在学习的是第39页，共137页lSymptom Symptom 症状：症状：allergic purpura(widespread hemorrhagic macules and papules,mainly on the lower legs)demonstrated by single challenges变应
23、性紫癜（分布广泛的出血性斑丘疹，主要出现在腿的下部）现在学习的是第40页，共137页Food Intolerance三、食品不耐性 现在学习的是第41页，共137页Lactase Deficiency乳糖酶缺乏综合征 lDefinition 定义：定义：Lack of the enzyme that cleaves milk sugar,lactose,gives rise to adverse reactions when lactose is consumed.当摄入乳糖时，由于体内缺乏一种能将牛奶糖质-乳糖水解的酶，从而产生不良反应 现在学习的是第42页，共137页lThe only f
24、ood of which lactose is a natural constituent is milk(3.7 g/100 ml cows milk).天然含乳糖的唯一食品是牛奶（3.7g/ml牛奶）现在学习的是第43页，共137页lClassification 分类：分类：1）congenital lactase deficiency先天性乳糖酶缺乏综合征2）primary lactase deficiency初级的乳糖酶缺乏综合征3）secondary lactase deficiency二级乳糖酶缺乏综合征 现在学习的是第44页，共137页1）congenital lactase d
25、eficiency先天性乳糖酶缺乏综合征lactase is not present and symptoms will appear when the patient is breast-fed.人体内不存在乳糖酶，当进行人乳哺育时会出现综合征The congenital form is very rare 这种症状极少见现在学习的是第45页，共137页2）primary lactase deficiency初级的乳糖酶缺乏综合征seen in most of the worlds population where the production of lactase decreases or
26、 disappears from the age of 2 to the teenage years在2-10岁时，乳糖酶分泌下降或消失现在学习的是第46页，共137页l Persistent high lactase activity in adult life occurs among relatively few ethnic groups:成年人体内乳糖酶活性一直处于高峰的人群：lnorthern Europeans and their overseas descendants北欧以及沿海后代la few African groups of pastoral tradition Bed
27、ouins and other Saudi Arabs一些源于牧人的非洲人、贝都因人和沙特阿拉伯人l certain groups from west India and Pakistan西印度和巴基斯坦部分人群现在学习的是第47页，共137页l3）secondary lactase deficiency二级乳糖酶缺乏综二级乳糖酶缺乏综合征合征a consequence of pathological changes in the gut mucosa,as seen in celiac disease or inflammations.乳糜泻或炎症引起内脏黏膜病变的结果 When the g
28、ut mucosa has regained its normal appearance the lactase production reappears 当内脏黏膜恢复正常，乳糖酶也开始重新分泌。现在学习的是第48页，共137页lThe symptoms The symptoms 症状：症状：Diarrhea 腹泻gas production 产气Colic 绞痛现在学习的是第49页，共137页lControl 控制措施：avoid all products containing even small amounts of lactose 避免食用任何含乳糖的食品 现在学习的是第50页，共1
29、37页PREVALENCE第四节 发病率 现在学习的是第51页，共137页lThe total prevalence of food allergy/food intolerance is not known.总发病率未知lEstimates based on data from one country do not necessarily reflect the prevalence of another country 在某个国家统计得到的数据并不能用到另一个国家，因为：1）frequency and duration of breast feeding 母乳喂养的频率和持续时间2）eat
30、ing habits饮食习惯3）flora植物群现在学习的是第52页，共137页Children一、儿童 现在学习的是第53页，共137页Food（一）食品（一）食品lallergy to cows milk,egg,and fish predominantly begins before the second year of age 对牛奶、鸡蛋和鱼的过敏性主要发生2岁以前lallergy to fruit,legumes,and vegetables predominantly begins after the second year.对水果、豆类和蔬菜的过敏性主要发生在2岁以后 现在学习
31、的是第54页，共137页lTable 1 Prevalence of Rhinitis and Oral Itch in Danish School Children 丹麦学龄儿童中鼻炎和口腔发痒的发病率丹麦学龄儿童中鼻炎和口腔发痒的发病率 Age(yr)Rhinitis(%)Oral itch（%)boys/girls boys/girls 5-7 9.0/5.7 0/0.38-10 8.5/7.1 0.8/1.111-13 14.0/8-5 1.9/1.514-16 17.3/13.0 2.9/2.0现在学习的是第55页，共137页Food Additives Food Additives
32、（二）食品添加剂（二）食品添加剂 lAdverse reactions to food additives are found in 1-2%of school children 1-2%学龄儿童对食品添加剂有不良反应lThe prevalence in younger children is not known.至今不知小年龄儿童的发病率 现在学习的是第56页，共137页AdultsAdults二、成年人二、成年人 现在学习的是第57页，共137页Food（一）食品（一）食品lIn European studies the majority of allergic food reaction
33、s in adults are caused by fruits.vegetables,and nuts and are related to pollen allergy 在欧洲，大部分成年人食品过敏性反应是由水果、蔬菜和坚果引起的，且与花粉过敏症有关lThe prevalence is around 5%发病率在5%左右现在学习的是第58页，共137页lprobably only 0,5%have symptoms other than oral itch.大约只有0.5%不是口腔发痒症状lThe prevalence of allergy to milk,egg,fish.etc.is
34、around 0.2%，牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼等引起的过敏症发病率大约为0.2%现在学习的是第59页，共137页Food Additives Food Additives（二）食品添加剂（二）食品添加剂 lThe estimated frequency was 0.03-0.15%1982年EEC理论计算值：食品添加剂引起的发病率为0.03-0.15%现在学习的是第60页，共137页lIn British：theprevalence 大不列颠人：发病率为0.026%lDutch 丹麦：0.4%现在学习的是第61页，共137页Contact Allergens（三）接触性过敏原 l10%Danish w
35、omen have contact allergy caused by nickel.10%丹麦妇女因镍造成接触性过敏症lUp to 10%of these may benefit from a nickel-restricted diet 其中10%以上会因排除镍的饮食而改善现在学习的是第62页，共137页lWhat is contact allergensWhat is contact allergens？In dermally sensitized subjects ingestion of the contact allergen may cause skin flare reacti
36、ons or other symptoms,e.g.,in the gastroinlestinal tract 皮肤敏感症受检者摄入接触性过敏原后会导致皮肤潮间带反应或胃肠道症状等其他症状。现在学习的是第63页，共137页lContact AllergensContact Allergens：fragrances 芳香物质food flavors（natural or synthetic）食品风味物Nickel 镍 现在学习的是第64页，共137页Other Adverse Reactions（四）其它不良反应 1）Celiac disease腹部疾病：Cause：wheat gliadin
37、 and related proteins起因：小麦麦醇溶蛋白和相关蛋白质The prevalence：0.2-0.5%发病率：0.2-0.5%现在学习的是第65页，共137页2）lactase deficiency 乳糖酶缺乏综合征乳糖酶缺乏综合征Cause：Lack of lactase起因：缺乏乳糖酶起因：缺乏乳糖酶 The prevalence：varies from a few percent in northern European countries to almost the entire adult population in Asia and Africa 发病率：发病率：
38、从北欧国家到亚洲和非洲国家，从北欧国家到亚洲和非洲国家，成年人发病率相差好几个百分点成年人发病率相差好几个百分点 现在学习的是第66页，共137页Conclusion：It is not known whether the prevalence of food allergy or intolerance is increasing 不清楚食品过敏/不耐性的发病率是否有上升趋势 The prevalence of pollen-related food allergies has increased.与花粉相关食品敏感症的发病率在提高。现在学习的是第67页，共137页FOOD ALLERGEN
39、S第五节 食品过敏原 现在学习的是第68页，共137页Definition 定义lAllergens are antigens that give rise to allergy.过敏原是能引起敏感的抗原现在学习的是第69页，共137页Where is food allergens from？lPollen花粉lMammals哺乳动物l mites螨lother insects其他昆虫l foods食品现在学习的是第70页，共137页lComponent：过敏原成分：过敏原成分：Proteins or glycoproteins with a molecular weight from 3 t
40、o 90 kDa,the majority ranging from 10 to 40 kDa 已知结构的过敏原都是蛋白质或糖蛋白，分子量从3kDa到90kDa，大部分在10kDa到40kDa之间现在学习的是第71页，共137页The identified allergens：lthe first three letters of the genus,space,the first letter of the species,space,and an Arabic number.l XXX X X 属 种 阿拉伯数字lFor example：Lol p 1 refers to the firs
41、t pollen allergen identified from Lolium perennc,or rye grass Lol p 1表示第一个花粉过敏原，来自Lolium perenne 或黑麦草 现在学习的是第72页，共137页Classification 分类majormajor：proteins for which 50%or more of the allergic patients studied have specific IgE“主要的”：能使50%或以上被研究病人具有特异性IgE的蛋白质minorminor“：the remaining allergens are con
42、sidered minor“次要的”：能使50%以下的被研究病人具有特异性IgE的蛋白质现在学习的是第73页，共137页The Nature Nature of Food Allergens一、过敏原的种类 现在学习的是第74页，共137页lTo make a complete list of allergenic foods on a global basis is virtually impossible.我们不可能列出一张食品过敏原清单lWhether a food allergen causes significant problems in a population is depen
43、dent on several factors：某种食品过敏原是否会在消费者中引起明显的问题取决于以下几个方面：现在学习的是第75页，共137页（a）the potency of the allergen过敏原的效能l some are much more frequent sensitizers lhan others有些抗体比其他抗体造成敏感症的次数更多，e.g.,-lactoglobulin in milk or ovomucoid from egg white如：牛奶中的-乳球蛋白或鸡蛋蛋白中的卵类粘蛋白现在学习的是第76页，共137页（b）the physiochemical pro
44、perties物化性质：1）The chemical structure,i.e.,the amino acid sequence,and the tertiary structure 化学结构如氨基酸序列，蛋白质三级结构2）heat stability 热稳定性3）digestibility 可消化性4）Structural relationship with epitopes from nonfood allergens 非食品过敏原与抗原决定族之间的结构关系现在学习的是第77页，共137页（c）the frequency of exposure暴露的频率：lIn Europe aller
45、gy to rice and buckwheat is uncommon.在欧洲，稻米和荞麦一般不引起敏感症lIn Japan rice and buckwheat are common food allergens 在日本，稻米和荞麦通常是食品过敏原。现在学习的是第78页，共137页(d)the route of exposure 暴露途径1）aero-allergens：grasses,pollen of trees and herbs，house dust mites，o cat dander 飞散过敏原：草、树或药草的花粉、屋尘螨、猫毛发皮屑 2）work environment：ba
46、ker工作环境：面包工人3）via the skin：Natural rubber(latex)通过皮肤：天然橡胶现在学习的是第79页，共137页（e）cross-reactions to aero-allergens飞散过敏原的交叉反应1)local species of grass,trees,and herbs and pollution 当地生长的草、树以及药草种类e.g.,Allergy to hazelnuts is common in areas with many birch trees,where birch pollen hay lever is frequent榛实敏感症
47、一般发生在有许多桦树的地区，在这些地区经常发生桦树花粉热2)air pollution空气污染现在学习的是第80页，共137页(f)the age at which the allergen is introduced受过敏原入侵的个体年龄lIn early infancy an increased uptake of antigen takes place at a time when the gut-associated lymphoid tissue is still incompletely developed 在幼年早期，在与消化道相关淋巴组织还没有发育好的时候，抗原的摄入量相对较高
48、。现在学习的是第81页，共137页Allergens of Animal Origin二、来源于动物的过敏原 现在学习的是第82页，共137页Milk（一）牛奶 1）Albumin,-lactoglobulin,and immunoglobulins of milk are the most important allergens in infants婴儿：清蛋白、-乳球蛋白和免疫球蛋白2）In older children -lactoglobulin,caseins,and I-lactalbumin may be more reactive.大孩子：-乳球蛋白、酪蛋白和-乳白蛋白 3）i
49、n adulthood：casein to be the most frequent allergen 成人期：酪蛋白现在学习的是第83页，共137页cross-reactions交叉反应交叉反应lThe majority of patients with allergy to cows milk proteins will also react to proteins from sheeps and goats milk 大部分对牛奶蛋白质有敏感症的病人同样对绵羊奶和山羊奶有敏感症 Cross-reactions between milk from these species is not
50、always present.各种奶之间的交叉反应并不一直存在 现在学习的是第84页，共137页EggsEggs（二）鸡蛋（二）鸡蛋l the second most frequent food allergen in small children after cows milk 在小孩子中大概是仅次于牛奶的食品过敏原 lEgg white proteins are reported to elicit allergic reactions more frequently than egg yolk.鸡蛋蛋白比蛋黄更易引起过敏反应现在学习的是第85页，共137页蛋黄中的主要过敏原Protein