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1、Topi复合句型状语从句一、理论常识状语从句,属于副词性从句,简单说就是从句在句子中担任状语,分为时间、目的、 地点、条件、方式、让步、比较、结果、原因9种状语从句。时间引导词:when , after, before , while , until, till, since , as soon as , everytime , the moment 等地点引导词:where , wherever等原因弓I 导词:because , since=now that, as 等条件弓I 导词:if, whether, unless , as long as ,on condition that,
2、providing that 等 结果引导词:so / such . that, so等 目的引导词:in order that, so that 等让步引导词:though , although , however, whatever=no matter what even if, even though , as （倒装）等方式引导词:as , as if等比较引导词:than , as . as , the more ., the more .等二、真题举例例句1： While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to
3、perform this role , informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a childs development.【重点词汇解析】transmit, vt.传输、传播vi.传输、发射信号:（in） formal, adj. （非）正式的【参考翻译】尽管正式的学习过程是由挑选出来担当此角色的教师来进行的,非正 式的学习过程却是作为孩子成长的自然一部分而完成的。例句2： While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at
4、 the expense of others , and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable , although competition is .【重点词汇解析】territory, n.领土、版图;expense, n.代价、损失vt.向收取费用;inevitable, adj.不可避免的【参考翻译】虽然这种竞争会引发以他人利益为代价的领土扩张行动,因此也会引 发冲突,但却不能认为类似于战争的国家间的冲突不可避免,尽管竞争是不可避免
5、 的。例句 3： While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed , this need not always be the case .【重点词汇解析】favor, vt.喜欢、赞成n.喜爱【参考翻译】尽管迄今为止互联网似乎更加青睐国际社会中的发达领域,而非不太 发达的领域,情形并不总是如此。Top 2复合句型一定语从句一、理论常识在复合句中作定语，修
6、饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句。结构:先行词+关系词（分为关系副词和关系代词）+从句关系代词(that, who , which , whose , as)关系副词(when , where , why , how)定语从句分为限制性定语从句及非限制定语从句,限定从直接放在先行词后,非限 定从与先行词之间要加逗号。二、真题举例例句 1： The Aswan Dam , for example , stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a
7、 giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity .【重点词汇解析】deprive sb. of sth,剥夺某人某物;silt, n.淤泥v.(使)淤塞 【参考翻译】例如,阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水侵袭,但是也夺去了埃及的洪 水留下的肥沃淤泥这一切换来的却是个巨大的病态的水库,这个水库积满了淤 泥,以至于几乎不能发电了。例句 2： The second , by Joshua Greenberge , takes a more empirical app
8、roach to universality , identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages , which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints . (2012,49) 【重点词汇解析】empirical, adj.经验主义的;result from由造成;cognitive,adj.认知的【参考翻译】第二个为此做出努力的人是约书亚格林伯格,他采用经验主义的方法 来研究普遍性,确认多种
9、语言(尤其是语序方面的)共同特征,这些特征被认为是体 现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。例句 3： His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision . (2006,47)【重点词汇解析】analogous, adj,类似的;reveal, vt.揭露;reason, n,理由v,推 论【参
10、考翻译】他的职责类似于法官的职责,后者必须承担起这样的责任:用尽可能 明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。Top 3复合句型同位语从句一、理论常识同位语从句是对其前面的抽象名词(例如:idea , insistence , instruction , order, plan, proposal等)进行解释说明,被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系。 同位语从句的结构一定是先行词加引导词加上从句的构成,that并不是唯一可以引 导同位语从句的引导词,whether, why , who .从句一定要具有完整的句子结构， 主谓宾都必须齐全,引导词不充当任何成分。常见先行词:belief,
11、fact, hope , idea , doubt, news , rumor, conclusion ,evidence .suggestion , problem , order, answer, decision , discovery , explanation , information , knowledge , law , opinion , truth , promise , report, thought, statement, rule , possibility .二、真题举例例句 1 ： Scientists jumped to the rescue with some
12、 distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them . (2010,46)【重点词汇解析】distinctly, adv.明显地;eat up吃光、耗尽【参考翻译】科学家急忙用些明显站不住脚的证据去营救,证据内容是如果鸟类 不能控制昆虫的话,他们会把我们吃光。例句 2： But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinar
13、y citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the media . (2007,48)【重点词汇解析】profoundly, adv，深刻地;rest on依靠、信赖【参考翻译】但是新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻的理解法律,这种观点基/依赖于 新闻媒体对惯例和特殊责任的理解。例句 3： Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and indepe
14、ndent states , large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws .【重点词汇解析】sovereign, n.君主、独立国adj.有主权的；viable, adj.可行 的；integrate, v.(使)成整体adj,整合的【参考翻译】他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有主权和完全独立的国家,大到经济上 可运行良好,并由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。Top 4并列句型一、理论常识由并列连词连接、含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子叫并列句。表示转折对比关系的并列连词1. but2
15、. yet但是;尽管如此3. while而，但是,可是，却表示因果关系的并列连词1. for因为2. so因此表示选择关系的连词or表示并列关系的并列连词1. and和,同，与，又，并且2. not only . but also .不仅而且3. neither. nor.既不也不4. both . and .既又其他并列连词1. not. but.不是而是2. rather than而不是；与其宁愿3. when正当那时，相当于and at that time二、真题举例例句 1： In the American economy , the concept of private proper
16、ty embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights , including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.【重点词汇解析】embrace, v.拥抱、包含n.拥抱;productive, adj.生产（性） 的:contract, n.合同v,订约【参考翻译】在美国经济中,私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源
17、的所有权,也指 其他些特定的权利,如确定一个产品价格和与另个私人个体自由签定合同的权 利。例句 2： In addition , the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation .【重点词汇解析】estimate, vi.估计、估价vt.估计、评价n.估计、判断；patent, n.专利权vt.授予专利【参考翻译】另外,有的公司用来鉴定关系的计算机程序或许己经申请了专利保护, 并不
18、接受同行评审或外界的评估。Top 5倒装句型一、理论常识倒装句的几种形式1 .以 here , there Jhen , now , next 引出的倒装句Here comes the special guest of the party .There seem to be many beautiful girls in the university .2 .以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句。At the school gate stood an old woman .Under the tree are sitting some students .On the bed lay a big t
19、eddy bear .注意:主语为代词是不用倒装。3 .以表示方位的副词引出的倒装句。Off went the horse .Down fell a dozen apples .4 .否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首。Never have I seen such a good teacher .Not a moment did he waste on campus .By no means should she be left alone .Under no circumstances will I believe you .5 . only置于句首。Only in this way c
20、an we make a difference .6 . as / though引导让步状语从句。Rich as he is , he spends a cent on charity .Try as / though he does , he never seems able to get a high score in the exams .7 .在虚拟条件句中,连词if省略时,即将were , had , should等词提到句首。Were I you , I would take this chance .Should he come tomorrow , he would help
21、us to settle the problem .二、真题举例Odd though it sounds , cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics , and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.【重点词汇解析】plausible, adj.貌似可信的;consequ
22、ence, n.结果、推论: astrophysicist, n.天体物理学家【参考翻译】尽管它听起来很奇怪,宇宙膨胀说是在基础粒子物理学中的一些公认 的观点在科学上貌似可信的推论,并且很多天体物理学家在近十年中已经相信这种 理论是真实的。Top 6插入句型结构一、理论常识插入结构表示说话人的态度和看法,解释或者说明整个句子,去掉之后句子仍然完 整。插入结构的成分可以是副词、形容词短语、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语 或者主谓结构。在这就不论述了。但值得注意的是插入语的翻译,有些插入语, 尤其是位于句首的插入语,可保持原文中的词序。然而,在许多情况下,需要对英 语原文句子的顺序作必要的调整,使
23、译文符合汉语习惯。二、真题举例But, for a small group of students , professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills , all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.【参考翻译】但是,对小部分学生来说,专业训练也是条可取的路径。因为在其 他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。Top 7强调句型结构一、理论常识强调主要有两种形式:1
24、.强调谓语Eg1 ： I love you . I do love you . I did love you .Eg2 ： Cell phone / Internet / computer brings us convenience . Cell phone / Internet / computer does bring us convenience .2 .强调句式:It is / was +被强调成分+that / who +句子其他成分。【步骤】a,先写出正确的简单句、并列句或复合句,明确单句的各个成分。b.在被强调成分（除谓语和补语外）两边添加it is/was和that/who,其
25、他成分 不变,必要时调整顺序。【强调句式特征】去掉it is/was . that/who结构,整个句子无冗余或成分残缺。 Eg1 ： My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study . It is my mother who / that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study . It is when I have difficulties in study that
26、my mother always encourages me not to lose heart.二、真题举例Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced a
27、nd how resources are used to produce it.【重点词汇解析】couple with与相结合;maximize, v.取最大值、达到最大值【参考翻译】因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其 利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合,起决定了什么应该被制造, 以及资源如何被用来制造它们。Top 8否定句型结构一、理论常识1 .部分否定Not both of them are my brothers .Both of them are not my brothers .All is not gold that glitters .2 .
28、双重否定双重否定分为三种: 冃 定型: There are no roses without thorns .强调型:I just cant do nothing .委婉型:I cant hardly read your hand writing .3 .几乎否定She is barely right.I seldom got any sleep last night.Few people can understand why he did it.二、真题举例There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts pec
29、uliar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry .【重点词汇解析】methodology, n,方法论;refer to参考、涉及、指的是;branch, n,分支v,分支、出现分歧【参考翻译】所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史研究中各 个具体领域使用的研究手段,人们对此意见不。Top 9比较句型结构一、理论常识比较结构1. no/not. other than2. the比较级
30、，the比较级3. rather . than .4. more than / no more than5. less than / no less than6. more A than B / no more A than B7. less A than B / no less A than B8. nothing else than10. as much as11. not as . as .12. not so much . as .二、真题举例They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries , but most o
31、f them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006,50)【重点词汇解析】reflection, n.反射、沉思;involve, n.涉及、包含【参考翻译】他们可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱,但是这些人大部分对涉 及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。Top 10省略句型结构、真题举例However , it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain sme
32、ll at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough . （05,完型）【重点词汇解析】insensitive, adj,感觉迟钝的;expose, vt.使曝光、揭露、显示 【参考翻译】然而我们却发现,即使某些人开始时对某种气味不敏感,如果经常接 触这种气味,也会对它敏感起来。Top 11经典文章及长难句挑选、经典文章及长难句挑选前十部分中已经论述了各大重点高考频句型,接下来第二部分考研帮学堂的老师为 2018广大考生从真题阅读理解部分中精心挑选出了 16篇经典文章（挑选标准:题 材常考
33、、结构严谨、语言表达值得借鉴）,建议大家做到三件事:1.翻译全文;2. 背诵全文;3.默写全文。另外,帮帮还为时间紧张的小朋友精心挑选出每篇文章中 的经典句子，来不及翻译全篇就翻译这些句子吧,再背下来,默写,这种学习方法 已经得到无数学哥学姐的验证，相信：你做到就会得到。【2006 年 Text21 .And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaways Cottage, Shakespeares bi
34、rthplace and the other sights.译文：另一方是当地居民，他们在很大程度上依赖那些“来此不是为了看戏，而是为 了看安妮海瑟薇（注:莎士比亚的妻子）小屋、莎士比亚出生地以及其他景点”的 观光客生活。1 .Its all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor （with a beard） and did his share of noise-making.译文：当你想到养活他们的莎士比亚本人就是个（留着胡须的）演
35、员而且噪音制造 也有他一份时，这真是绝妙的讽刺。3 .Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.译文:希尔顿集团正在那里建造自己的酒店，你几乎可以肯定它会配备哈姆雷特汉 堡吧、李尔休息室、班柯宴会包间等，而且会非常奢华。4 .They all seem
36、to look alike （though they come from all over） - lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box offi
37、ce opens at 10:30 a.m.译文:虽然他们来自世界各地,但是看起来却都很相像身材消瘦,棱角分明, 表情专注,穿着牛仔裤和凉鞋,啃着圆面包，躺在剧院外的石板上过夜,等着在上 午十点半售票处开门时购买预留给露宿者的20张坐票和80张站票。【2006 年 Text31 .That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one record
38、ed by changes in catch sizes.译文：这就意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕捞，因此现在和过去之间的真正差 异很可能比捕获量变化所显示出的差异更大。2.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.译文:有些鱼只之所以没有被捕捉,是因为没有可利用的带饵鱼钩来诱捕它们,导 致了对
39、过去鱼类资源量的低估。3.That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.译文:而这很重要,因为理论认为当目标物种的生物量大约为其原始水平的50%时, 从渔场中能够获得最大持续渔获量。【2007 年 Text21.So it is a bit confusing when v
40、os Savant fields such queries from the average Joe （whose IQ is 100） as, Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?译文:那么莎凡能巧妙应对（智商为100的）普通人提出的诸如“爱和喜欢有何区别” 或“运气和巧合的本质是什么”这类问题,这有点令人费解。2.Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to fig
41、ure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.译文：想象物体（形状）和破解数值模式的能力如何使人能够解答那些难倒些最 优秀诗人和哲学家的问题,这点很难理解。3.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what que
42、stions to skip.译文：任何熬过“学术能力评估测试（SAT）”的人都可以证明,应试技巧也很重要, 无论是知道何时应该测试或是（知道）何题应该跳过。【2007 年 Text4I.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them - especially in Ameri
43、ca - the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.译文:正当老板、董事会们总算解决了最为棘手的财务和合规问题,并且改善了薄 弱的公司治理之际，个新的问题又可能为他们惹来尤其是在美国那种不 可避免地使管理层受重罚的负面头条，这个问题就是：数据不安全。2.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of e
44、conomic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore - and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.译文:无疑的是,即使最愚笨的管理人员也应该会清楚地知道：信任,也即经济资 产中最具价值的东西,很容易遭到破坏而修复起来代价高昂;没有什么事情比企业 任由个人敏感信息落入别有用心的人手中更能破坏信任的了。3.Me
45、anwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by Americas Federal Trade Commission （FTC） that puts corporateAmerica on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide ad
46、equate data security.译文:与此同时,美国6月17日披露的起涉及大约4000万信用卡账户的信息失 窃案,又使得美国联邦贸易委员会头一天（16日）做出的一项极为重大的决议 该决议警告美国商界,如果公司不能充分保障数据的安全,那么监管机构就会采取 措施 颜面尽失。【2009 年 Text31 .Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however
47、, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.译文:毫无疑问，这两个领域的进步对于这些贫困国家以及所有其他国家的社会、 政治以及智力的发展而言都是必不可少的;然而，“为促进贫困国家经济快速发展， 教育应该被放在最优先考虑的位置”这传统观点却是错的。2 .We are fortunate that is it, because new edu
48、cational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.译文：我们很庆幸这种观点是错的，因为在这些国家建立新的教育体制,随后让足 够多的人接受教育以提高经济表现，将需要两三代的时间。3 .More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consis