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1、第十五章名词性从句初中知识回顾初中阶段的从句学习中，我们掌握名词性从句中的宾语从句用法。回顾：宾语从句.宾语从句中的连接词连词：ihai（ihai 常可省略）,whether,if等。代词：who,whose,what,which 等。副词：when,where,how,why.语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序。1 .宾语从句的时态（1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。（2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用相应的过去时态，即一般过去 时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如果宾
2、语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句.Mr.Lee asked Tom,“Where have you been?”（改为间接弓I 语）Mr.Lcc asked Tom .1 .Thc teacher told us,Light travels much faster than sound.”（改为间接引语）The teacher told us much faster than sound.2 .We haveift decided if we will go to Hainan Island for a holiday4改为同义句）We ha
3、vent decided to Hainan Island for a holiday.1.1 think Daniels finished his homework.（改为否定句）I Daniel finished his homework.5 .He seems to have learnt about （he bad news.（改为同义句）It seems about the bad news.6 .Who is the man?Could you tell me?（合并为一个句子并且不改变意思）Could you tell me ?高中知识衔接高中阶段，从句的学习更为复杂化，我们除了
4、接触到定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句的特殊情况，还要学 习主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等一系列的从句。知识一：主语从句的用法在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫作主语从句。1 .主语从句的引导词主语从句通常由连词ihat或whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词what引导。(l)that 引导That he is still alive is a miracle.他还活着，真是奇迹。(2)whether 引导Whether we will go to Beijing tomorrow remains unknown.我们明天是否要去北京还不知道。(3)连接代词引导Whichever you
5、want is yours.你要哪个，哪个就是你的。(4)连接副词引导How this happened is not clear to anyone.这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。关系代词whal引导Whats done is done.事已成定局。注意：由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语均为单数第三人称形式或 过去式。2 .主语从句与形式主语it为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语计放在句首位置，将真正的主语搁置于句末。拓展连词ihai的省略问题引导主语从句的连词ihat有时可省略，有时不能省略，其原则是：若hat引导的主语从句直接位于句首， 则ihal不
6、能省略；若ihal引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语il,则that可以省略。如： That you didnt pass the exam was a pity、很遗憾你没通过考试。(that 不可省)It was a pity(that)you didnt pass the exam.很遗憾你没通过考试 t(hat可省) 经典例题1.some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.A.WhetherB.WhatC.ThatD.How【弓I 申】 Barbara Jones offers to h
7、er fans is honesty and happiness.A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whomt is uncertain side effect the medicine will bring about,although about two thousand patients havetaken it.A.thatB.whatC.howD.whether【弓I 申】Il doesnt matter you pay by cash or credit card in this store.A. howB. whetherC.whatD.why知识二：表语从句表语从句在复
8、合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句可以 接表语从句的系动词有be,look,remain,seem,sound,appear等。1 .表语从句的引导词引导表语从句的关联词如下：连词 that,whether.because,just as,as if.as though 等连接代词 who.whoever,whom,whose,what.whatever,which 等连接副词 where,how,when,why 等关系代词what,whatever等(1)从属连词 whether,as,as ifVthoughThe question remain
9、s whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。注意：在表语从句中，表示“是否“只能用whether.不能用if。在名词性从句中，if只能用在宾语从句中。如：The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.问题是在如此短的时间内，我们能否 做好准备。 说明what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用 because 如:The reason why I was sad was th
10、at he didnt understand me.我难过的原因是他不理解我。与because同义的since,as,for等也不用于引导表语从句。(2)连接代词：what,which,who,whom,whose,whoever,whatever,whichever0 如：China is no longer what she used to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。连接副词：whcn,whcre,how,vhy 等。如：The problem is where we can find her.问题是我们在哪儿能找到她呢。(3)从属连词thatThe fact is that w
11、e have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。注意：山al在表语从句中只起连接作用，在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义，但不能省略。如：The reason is that he missed the early bus.原因是他错过了 早班车。2 .使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示，should可省略。常 见的 词有：order,idea,advice,suggestion,proposal,plan 等。如：My suggestion is that we should finish it
12、today.我的建议是我们今天就把它做完。3 .连接代词和连接副词引导表语从句时的特点连接代词在表语从句中除了起连接作用外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。连接副词除了起连 接作用外，还可在从句中作状语。连接代词、连接副词在引导表语从句时，前面没有先行词，且保留疑问意义。这一点是与宾语从句需区别 的一点。如：Fame and personal gain is what theyre after.他们追求的是名利。注意：所有的连接代词和连接副词在表语从句中都不能省略。4 .表语从句的语序和时态表语从句的语序用陈述语序，且表语从句的时态不受主句的限制。如：The scissors are n
13、ot what I need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。5 .reason在表语从句中的引导词reason后的表语从句用that引导，定语从句用why或that引导。如：The reason why they were late is that they missed the bus,他们迟到是因为错过了汽车。(why引导定语从句，thal引导的是表语从句).That is why.句型“That is why.”是常用句型，意为“这就是的原因/因此”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语, 该句型通常用于针对前面己经说明过的原因进行总结。如：That is why I came.这就是我来的
14、原因。下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：(1 )t4That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why.”中 why引导的是,个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与That is why”结构样，如： That is(the reason)why I cannot agree.这就是我不能同意的理由。(2)4iThat is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，
15、意为“这就是为什么/因 为“That is because.”与“Thal is why.”之间的不同在于“Thal is because.”指原因或理由，“That iswhy.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，如：He did not see the film last night.That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没 有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因) 经典例题-I prefer shutting myself in and list
16、ening to music all day on Sundays.-Thats I dont agree.You should have a more active life.A. whereB.howC.whenD.whal【引申】1.1 am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer,which is he never finishes anything.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.why【引申】2.-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.-Is that you had a few
17、days off?A. whyB.whenC.whatD. where知识三：同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句中的主要从句之一，从句 作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补 充说明或进一步解释，相当于二个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。1.同位语从句的引导词引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that,wheiher.连接代词和连接副词等由hat引导They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他们为你生病发愁。注意：引导同位语
18、从句的连词that通常不省略。(2)由 whether 引导There is some doubt whether he has finished it.他是否已经完成还不一定。注意：whether可引导同位语从句，但f不能引导同位语从句。(3)由连接代词引导The question who will take his place is still not clear.谁将代替他还不清楚。(4)由连接副词引导Have you any idea why they are absent?你知道他们为什么缺席吗？经典例题I made a promise to myself this year,my
19、first year in high school,would be different.A. whether B.whatC.thatD.how【引申】1 .When the news came the war broke out,he decided,to serve in the army.A.sinceB. whichC.thatD. because【引申】2 .-Is (here any possibility you could pick me up at the airport?No problem.A.WhenB.thatC.whelher D.whal随堂练习I .单句填空.
20、The impact and ultimate result depend on you do with the difficulties that you have.1 .The ideal nap depends on you want from that nap.3.In Marlins world, we are not sure (he good will win in the end or not.4.It is possible caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷)in humans, too.1.1 ts true TCM is one o
21、f the oldest healing systems on the planet.6 .Thc rise in sales of translated fiction shows hungry so many British readers arc fbr terrific writing from other countries.7 .Darwin wondered a great deal about he saw.8.Its time to start by reading aloud to might like it.9.Actually, children learn viole
22、nt behavior from adults or from they see on television or on the Internet. lO.Do you know a story gets into the newspaper?Hcre is an example.11 .Many people say they are impressed by how interesting the show is and they cant stop laughing when they watch it.12.Some people told stories about old (ime
23、s, and others wrote down they remembered.13.After seemed to be a hundred years, I found my audience applauding-I made it!14.Statistics show over 200 billion yuan is spent every year on food that ends up in the garbage, n.单句改错15.Its a good thing which the ride lasted for only 15 minutes. No more air
24、rides for me, I swear!16.While it was still necessary for my parents to support me economically and mentally at that time, I was old enough to think and decide by myself which I should do.17.It reminds us that it was the struggles and sacrifices of our forefathers that saved China, so we teenagers m
25、ust cherish the fruits of the victory, treasure that we own now and preserve national pride.18.After living at school, I found it helped me save time and learn what to gel on with others.It was reported 1 there was an accident at the corner of Roman Street this morning.No one saw 2 on earth happened
26、 then.A car ran into a truck but fortunately,nobody got injured. 3 is responsible for the accident is still under investigation.The police are uncertain about 4 the driver is guilty. 5 the police should do now is 6_they must find out what led to the accident.They said it was difficult for them to ju
27、dge because 7 the accident happened was not clear.Perhaps the reason was 8 the driver was too tired to stop the car in time.The driver didnt admit the fact 9 he was driving too fast at the turning.The police doubted 10 what he said was (rue and decided to make a further investigation.I. 2. 3. 4. 5.6
28、. 7. 8. 9. 10.It was a hot summer day found me running down the street with a dollar in my sweaty hand. The _2 (closc)I got to Sam & Joc*s Stationery Store, the more excited I was. After all, a dollar was a tidy sum for an 11 -year-old boy in 1961.Out of breath, I swung open the door and got a blast
29、 of cold air 3 instantly cooled me off. I was in a place of pure 4 (happy). I went directly to the bar and ordered a bottle of soda.There I sat, considering my next move.Books always came first. I picked out five titles. Next came the candy, rows and rows of it.I chose five candy bars, 5 brought my
30、total to 25 cents.I hurried 6 (direct)to my backyard, 7 an apple tree patiently waited for me. There, sitting in the shade against its strong trunk, I read my books and ate my candy.As i sat in my own 8 (person)heaven,! started to think about having more. Thats 9 a fantastic life-changing idea poppe
31、d into my head: 1() I could get more money, I could buy anything I wanted. Thats how it all started.四短文改错Catherine and Mike are students of Eton School. They all work hard and have different learning methods. Catherine listens to her teachers careful and Iries to catch everything what the teachers s
32、ay. She spends less time doing her homework. It is certain she can go to bed earlier and she always keeps energetic during the day. However, Mike had a different way of learning. He likes to stay up late at the night, because he often feels sleepy in class. Thus, he misses lots of key points and it usually takes him more time to finish his homework, that makes it difficult for him to concentrate on that he is doing. I prefer Catherines learning method.