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1、初中英语总复习知识点归纳冠词a/an 的用法a 用于辅音音素前a useful book, a university, a “u”Once a week have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/ resthave acold/ headache / fever /coughhave a good time have a try in ahurry after a while keep a diary go for a walk in a minute in a word in a short whilean 那么用于元音音素前 an hour, an ho
2、nest boy , anu AEFHILMNORSXkeep an eye on定冠词the的用法：1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Give me the book.2）上文提到过的人或事： 一Do you know the lady in blue? -Yes, she is a teacher of a university.3）指世上独一物二的事物 the sun （ sky / moon/ earth/ world/ nature/ universe）4）单数名词连用表示一类事物， 如：the dollar 美元；The lion is a wild animal.或与形容词或分词连用
3、，表示一类人： the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / impossible精品资料精品资料精品学习资料第1页，共34页neither 两个中4、也没有e.g. -Do you like talking with your friends onthe telephone or mobile phone? Neither, I enjoy using QQ.neither - nor any三个以上中任何一个all三个以上中全部none三个以上中一个也没有。None of 中没有一个，表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个，表否认，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数
4、。others 表示“泛指”除自己外，别的人。Some , othersthe other表示两个中的另一个。One , the other -the others 表示特指的另一些。another后跟单数名词。表示泛指另一个人。后跟带数词的复数名词，表示“再，还要”的意思。other别的，另外的，一般后跟复数名词或 ones,在other前可加I some, many 或数词，表示“几个，一些别的Such a tall building such an exciting football matchso many peopleeach other相互，彼此，指两个或两个物时。one anot
5、her 相互，彼此，指三者或三者以上的彼此。one another相互的,s彼此的。数词精品资料精品资料精品学习资料第10页，共34页表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多 少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。一、基数词和序数词1 )基数词写法和读法：百位与十位，用 and,十位与个位，写时用“一”先确定分节号，从右至左，每隔三位数是一个分节号。第一个分节号是千位thousand 4第二个分节号是千位million第三个分号节是十亿位billion. 1,234 ,567, 892 one billion two hundred and thirty-fou
6、r million five hundredand sixty-seven thousand eight hundred and ninety-two2)分数表示法构成：分子基，分母序，分子大于1时; 分母在序数词后加 S： 1/2 a half 1/3 one-third ； 2/3 two thirds 3/4 three quarters = three fourths 2- 3/4 two and three fourths3)表示“年代，用in +the + 数词复数；in the 1980s( 20世纪80年代)4)表某人几岁时：in +物主代词+数词的复数形式in one stw
7、enties5) He lives in Rom 88. One plus two is three. Three times five is fifteen.6) hundred , thousand , million 等词前有具体的数字时，不能加 S如three hundreds这种说法是错误的7) hundreds of thousands of millions of8) a 21 -year-old girl three days and a half = three and a half daysoneand a half hours = one hour and a halfw
8、e II have two weeks holiday(two-week holiday)精品资料精品资料精品学习资料第11页，共34页9）（基数词变序数词的口诀）一、二、三特别记，th从四以上记；怎么加很容易，八减t,九减e; f来把ve替, 见y变ie;假设是遇到几十几，变换个位就可以。One-first two-second three- third five- fifth eight-eighth nine- ninth twelve - twelfth thirteen- thirteenth fifteen- fifteenth eighteeneighteenth twenty-
9、 twentieth twenty-onetwenty-first thirty-thirtieth forty-fortieth fifty - fiftieth sixtysixtieth seventy- seventieth eighty-eightieth ninety-ninetieth序数词的缩写形式：first1 st second2ndthirty-first31 st形容和副词修饰something, anything, everything, anybody等不定代词的形容词，形容词要放在不定代词之后。I have Something important to tell
10、you.enough修饰形容词、副词时，enough要放在形容词和副词之后。Far enough interesting, exciting, boring, amazing, surprising, moving主语为物。Interested, excited, amazed, surprised, frightened, tired, pleased主语,为人。 Much, far, a lot, a little,even等后要用形容词或副词的比拟级。I fell evenworse now.5.连系动词 be, 感官动词(look, smell, taste, sound, feel)
11、 三4、变(get, become, turn,) keep后跟形容词.既可作形容词又可作副词的词有：精品资料精品学习资料第12页，共34页hard作形容词=difficult,作副词，放在 work, rain等后,表努力地做。well作形容词身体好；作副词,做得好。long作形容词，表事物的长度,作副词，放在 last, talk等后,表动作持续。Fast作作形容，放在系动词后,作副词放在rain, make sth.等词后，表“做得快”。High作形容词“山，海浪的高。作副词，放在fly, jump等后表飞得高，跳得高。五、形容词变为副词+lyuseful, wide, strongy
12、为 Il ly healthy ,heavy, happy, lucky, noisy,heavy, happy, lucky, noisy, goodwellterrible-terriblywellterrible-terriblyprobableprobably多数以 ly 结尾的词是副词。但 friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, daily, lively形容词。(9) China is larger than any other county in Asia.(同一范围内) China islarger than any county in Afirca
13、.(不同范围内) how many 对可数名词数量的提问。How many people are there in yourfamily?How much对不可数名词数量的提问和提问价格。How long 多久，多长时间。回答常用：for + 段时间 since +点时间。How soon 多快，多久以后。回答常用：in+段时间How often 多长时间一次，提问频率。回答常用： once (twice) a week, three times a day, often精品资料精品资料精品学习资料第13页，共34页walk , 10 meters awayHow far多远，对距离提问。回答
14、常用：fifteen minutes形容词和副词的比拟级和最高级：原级：as + 原级 + as ; not as / so + 原级 + as =反义词 +than English is as interesting as Chinese. Mr. Zhang isn t as old as Mr. Li. = Mr. Zhang is younger than Mr. Li.比拟级的标志词 than, Lily s bag is bigger than hers. much, far, a little, even , next time which /who - A, B ? Which
15、 is more beautiful, Tom, Jim? the + 比拟级-,the+ 比拟级- The more we get together, the happier we II be.比拟级+and+比拟级 （多音节词和局部双音节词用more and more + 原级） 越来越- harder and harder, our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.最高级标志词：the最+高+ of / in Shanghai is the biggest city inChina. Oneofthe+ 最高级 + 名词复数 Zh
16、ou Jiekun is one of the most popular singers. Which /who -最高级,A, B or C? Who city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Kunming?精品资料精品学习资料第14页，共34页精品资料序数词+最高级,表“第几最 “ Chang jiang is the first longestriver in China. the second largest population形容词和副词比拟级和最高级的构成规那么（略）不规那么：good / well better best
17、bad / badly/ ill-worse-worst many / much - more -mostlittle -less-leastfarther（较远） farthestfarfurther（进一步）-furthesttired more tired the most tired （right, tired, glad. pleased, real）动词的时态时态名称结构标志词被动语态一般?am issometimes,am / is / are现在时 are?therebe结构?行为动词often, usually,always,every day, once a week+do
18、ne现在am/ is /now, look, listen,am/ is/ are进行时are +Vingright now, at the4-being +donemoment,精品学习资料far难点与要点注意第三人称单数情况动词ING形式的构成第15页，共34页its +几点-般?was/yesterday, last,was / were注意动过去时were +表语ago 一家；just now, in+done词的过去式结构the old days, a的构成?Vedmoment ago,long ago, ih the1990s一般?will/tomorrow, nextwill /
19、 shall +注意动将来时shall +V 原year, this year, at thebe +done词过去分词形end of this term,be going to的构成（与?befrom now on,+be +done过去式的区going toin the future,别）+V原形in a few days,P255time过去was /at +具体时间,atwas / were与f进行时were +Vingthis time., when+ 一+being +done过去时的区般过去时从句别现在have /already, yet, just,注意瞬k成时has +don
20、enever, ever,间动词在现在完成时中精品资料精品学习资料第16页，共34页祈使句 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。for, since, so far的运用过去?would宾语从句中，从句Would/将来时/ should +V动作在主句动作之后发should +be原形生.+done?was /be going towere going+be +doneto +V原形过去hadby+过去某一时点；Had +been +完成时+donebefore + 过去某done一时间点；by the time+从句；从句动作在主句动作前发生情态情态动词+be动词+done注：不规那么动
21、词过去式和过去分词详见初三课本的255页。1) 祈使句否认在句首加Dont ： Dont move. Dont be late.2) Let sshall we ?let us him w川 you / wont you?精品资料精品学习资料第17页，共34页感叹句How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语+其它 How lovely the baby is!What a / an + 形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语+其它 What a clever boy he is!What+ 形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语+其它 What wonderful ideas （we have）!What + 形容
22、词+不可数名词+主语+谓语+其它 What cold weather it is!反意疑问句1） 陈述局部用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely,little, tooto等否认含义的词时，疑问局部用肯定含义。Some plants never blown（开花），do they ?2）陈述局部有have to +v. （had to + v.），疑问局部常用dont +主语（didnt + 主语）。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we?3）陈述局部的谓语是 u
23、sed to时疑问局部用didrft+主语或usednt +主语。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he?4）陈述局部有had better + v.疑问句局部用hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadn*t you?精品资料精品学习资料第18页，共34页5) 陈述局部由neithernor, either连接的诉列主语时，疑问局部根据 实际逻辑意义而定。 Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?6)陈述局部主语是指示代词或不定代词ever
24、ything, that, nothing, this, 疑问局部主语用it。Everything is ready, isn*t it?7) 陈述局部为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问局部有三种情况：a.并列复合句疑问局部，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he?b.带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问局部谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he
25、?He said he wanted to visitJapan, didnt he?c.上述局部主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引导的定语从句，疑问局部与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright, is he? We believe she can do it better, can*t she?8) 陈述局部主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问局部常用复数they,有时也用单数he。Everyone knows the
26、 answer, dont they? (does he?)Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)精品资料精品资料精品学习资料第19页，共34页5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only, very, same等前面：I live on thesecond floor.6）用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm.7）用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前：She plays the piano violin guitar in the north of China8）用在普通名词构成专有名词前：the Peoples
27、 Republic of China theUnited States the Great Wall the Summer Palace9）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano.10) in the day, in the morning （afternoon , evening）, in the middle （of）, in the end, all the time at the same time on the whole, by the way, go to the cinema at he age of six at
28、the beginning of the twenty-first centuryonthe other side of at the moment the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky （water , field , country） in the dark, in the rain,不用定冠词的情况1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：China , Europe 欧洲Lei Feng雷锋2）物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；当表示特定的意思时， 需要加定冠词 F
29、ailure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。3）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； Children s Day Mother s Day Father sDay精品资料精品资料精品学习资料第2页，共34页9）省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问局部用w川you oDont do that again, will you?Dont do that again, will you?Go with me, will you / wont you ?注意：Lets开头的祈使句,后用 shall we? Lets go and li
30、sten to the music,shall we?Let us开头的祈使句，后用will you? Let us wait for you in the reading-room,w川 you ?10） 陈述局部是there be”结构的，疑问局部用there省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there? There will not be any trouble, w川 there?11）否认前缀不能视为否认词，其反意疑问句仍用否认形式。It is impossible, isnt it?He is not unk
31、ind to his classmates, is he?并列句and 和, 并且, work hard, and you can pass the exam.but 但是 he is rich but he is not happy.Or否那么，耍不然，或者（在否认句中表和）Hurry up, or you II be late.so 因此，所以 Kate was 川 so she didn t go to school.For 因为 I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do.状语从句精品资料精品资料精品学习资料第20页，共
32、34页等，主句和从当状语从句的引导词为If, when, before, after, until, as soon as句有以下情况:主句从句一般将来时（主将从现）一般现在时1 will go to the park if it doesn tomorrow.祈使句一般现在时含有情态动词的句子一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时英语句子中如果一看到Thought-but-because-so这种结构，就是错误.倒装句so+助动词BE动词 情态动词+另一主语，表示后者与前者一致。so+上句主语+助动词BE动词情态动词，真的，确实如此。Tom watched TV last night, so did
33、 Ann.Tom didn t watch TV last night. Neither did Ann.You ve left the light on. So I have. I r II go and turn it off.精品资料精品学习资料第21页，共34页宾语从句?从句用陈述句语序。?主句与从句的关系。A.主现从不限；B.主过从过；C.真金不怕火炼。The earth moves around the sun.常见的宾语从句。She says that -I hope / think / feel / wonder- I wonder if he will join us in
34、the discussion tonight.Could you tell / show me- Could you please tell me where the teacher s office is?Do you know- Do you know where Mr. Li lives?Please tell me 一She asked me I don t know- I don t know whether Tom will go or not.定语从句精品资料精品学习资料第22页，共34页that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换 ，但在以下情况下,一般用that而不用wh
35、ich o11) 先行词为 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代词时。I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时。 I ve read all the books that are not mine. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book (that) he has read.(4)先行词被 the only, t
36、he very, the same, the last修饰时。This is the very book that belongs to him.一般用that而不用who(1)先行词是who或who引导的主句。Who is the girl (that) drove the car?Who (that) broke the window willbe punished.(2)主句以 There be 引导时。 There are 200 people (that) didn tthat和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在以下情况下,一般用which 而不用that o精品资料精品学
37、习资料第23页，共34页rest.(2)在非限制性定语从句中。Football, (which) is a very popular game, isplayed all over the world.后跟ing的词有Finish doingBefore 2008 Beijing we will finish building the Olympic Park.enjoy doing喜欢做某事I enjoy reading English loudly.mind doing介意(反对)做某事 would you mind opening the window?practice doing st
38、h.练习做某事 we should practice speaking English asoften as possible.be busy doing sth.忙于做某事be worth doing sth.值得做某事feel like doing sth =want to do sth.想要做某事关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语(介词提精品资料spend (in) doing sth花费时间做某事stop / prevent / keep -from doinghave trouble problem / a hard time doing sth.阻止某人做某事Have fun
39、 doing sth. =have a good time doing sth.精品学习资料做某事很困难做某事很快乐第24页，共34页Those are many trees under (which) they can have ago on doing sth接着做原来做着的事go shopping / swimming/ skating /surfing-do some running / washing/ cooking -介词（for, with, without, about ）后跟动词原形：why dont youwhy notyoud better （not）would you
40、 please （not）make let have 注意：在被动语态中,t o要加上后跟ing和TO的区别developing country 开展中国家 developed country 兴旺国家stop to do sth.停下手中的事而去做另外的事（事情有两件）Stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情（事情只有一件）Remember to do sth.记住要去做某事（事情没有做）Remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事（事情已经做）Forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（事情没做）Forget doing sth. 忘记曾经做过的事情（事情已经做）精
41、品资料精品学习资料第25页，共34页Try to do sth. 努力去做某事Try doing sth.试着去做某事Go on to do sth. 做完一件事，接着改做另外一件事Go on doing sth.继续不停地做某事See / hear sb doing / do情态动词Can能，可能，表示能力，猜想。过过式 could可能，也许。主要用在疑问句、否认句中，表示怀疑、估计，不用肯定句中。对could 的委婉语气回答一般不直接用yes和no ,要用certainly, of course.Ok. Sure. would you please not do - ? would you
42、 like to play football with me tonight? Yes, I d love to. Sorry, Iam busy. Yes, I d love to. Btrt() would you like some bananas? Yes, please. No. thanks.在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中，常用some. Could you give me some apples?May精品资料精品学习资料第26页，共34页No, you可以，表许可。 may I - ?回答：Yes, you may. Yes, of cours
43、e.may not. No, you d better not.也许，可能。表猜想，但把握性不是很大。maybe= perhaps是副词，放在句首或句末。 May be和Maybe 不同。Must Must I ? 否认回答用 No, you needn t. No, you don t have to.必须。应该。mustn禁itt,绝对不 must 表主观。Have to 表客观。Don t have to = needn t must 一定。用于表推测。表示有很大的把握时用， 只用于肯定句、不用疑问句。 否认句中can t有不可能之意。Needt do sth. don t have t
44、o do sth. = needn肯定回答Yes, -must.否认回答No, needn t.不定式不定式常跟在以下及物动词后面作宾语：want, like, wish, hope, try, ask, start,begin, forget, remember, learn, choose, agree, tell, decide, needE.g. Want to do sth. Ask sb. (not )to do sth. Tell sb. to do sth. Decide to do sth. Would like to do sth. Set out to do sth. Warn sb to do sth. Help sb. (to) do sth.精品资料精品学习资料27页，共34页动词不定式还可用在某些表示感情的形容词之后:glad, happy, pleased, sorry,sad, afraid不定式作宾语的有 :something to drink eat; have sth to do ; the way to do sth.不定式作宾