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1、学习资料收集于网络,仅供参考中学英语总复习学问点归纳冠词 a / an的用法a 用于辅音音素前a usefulbook,a university,a“u”Once a weekhave a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/ resthave a cold/headache / fever /coughhave a good timehave a tryin a hurryafter a whilekeep a diarygo for a walkin a minutein awordin a short whilean 就用于元音音素前 an hour, an
2、honest boy , an“A E F H I L M N O R S X”keep an eye on定冠词 the 的用法：1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Give me the book. 2）上文提到过的人或事： -Do you know the lady in blue. Yes, she is a teacher of a university.3） 指世上独一物二的事物 the sun sky / moon/ earth/ world/ nature/ universe 4） 单数名词连用表示一类事物,如： the dollar 美元; The lion is a wild a
3、nimal.或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人： the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / impossible学习资料5） 用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only ,very,same等前面： I live on the second floor.6） 用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm.7） 用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前：She plays the pianoviolin guitarin the north of China 8）用在一般名词构成专出名词前：the Peoples Republic ofChi
4、nathe United Statesthe Great Wallthe SummerPalace9) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano.10) in the day, in the morning afternoon, evening,in the middle of,in the end,all the timeat the same timeon the whole,by the way,go to the cinemaat he age of sixat the beginning of the twenty-firs
5、tcenturyon the otherside ofat the momenttheday after tomorrowthe day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky water , field,countryin the dark,in the rain,不用定冠词的情形1 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词： China , Europe欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋2） 物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词；当表 示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词Failureis the mother of success. 失败乃胜利之母；3）
6、在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词； Children s DayMothersDay Father s Day4） 在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词； He is captain of the team.5） 在三餐、四季,球类运动、学科、消遣运动的名称前,不加冠词 如： have breakfast /supper / lunch , play basketball / football / volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/winter6） 当 by 与火车等交通工具连用, 表示一种方式时,
7、 中间无冠词；by bus/ train/ taxi/ bus/ ship7） Day and nightface to faceside by sidestep by stepwatch TVat school / work / homeat first/lastin dangerin troubleon footon dutyon watchinbedon timeintimego to schoolgo to workby taxi / bikeat noonat nighton TVat town部分词组有无冠词的区分in hospital生病住院 in the hospital在医院
8、里in front of在- 的前面 in the front of在内部的前面go to school上学 go to the school到学校去a number of = a lot of很多,谓语动词用复数；The number of -的数目, -的总数, 谓语动词用单数（第三人称单数）名词：专出名词和一般名词（个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词）可数名词的单数变复数一般情形加s以 s, x sh ch,等结尾的词加 -esbus-buseswatch-watches以 o 结尾的名词,无生命的加 s,如： photo-photos piano-pianos有生命的 es,如：
9、potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes均可,如：zero-zeros/ zeroes以 f 或 fe结尾的名词,去 f,fe加 ves,如： half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves（加 s,如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safesgulf-gulfs；）以辅音字母 +y 结尾的词,变 y 为 i ,再加 es baby-babies不规章： a.单复数形式一样； Sheep, deer, Chinese, Japane
10、se. People,police,scissors,trousersb.其他的； foot feettooth-teethchild childrenmouse-mice man-men woman-womenbusinessman-businessmenGerman-Germanswomen doctors集体名词 : People, police,一般表示一个整体,谓用复数 class, family, glasses不行数名词：常见的不行数名词有： information, news, room（空间）,work, work, weather, advice, bread , food
11、, milk, tea, ice, glasses, meat A little, a bit of, some, much, a lot of, quite a lot of 常修饰不行数名词 .不行数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数；假如用 and 连接两个不行数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数； Time and money are-Acupglassbottlebox kilogroup crowd class pairofTwo and a half kilos of = two kilos and a half of名词全部格在英语中有些名词可以加 s来表示全部关系, 带这种词尾的名词形式称
12、为该名词的全部格,如：a teachersbook；名词全部格的规章如下：1 ） 单数名词词尾加 s,复数名词词尾没有 s,也要加s ,如 the boys bag, mens roomChildren sDayMothers DayFather s Day2 ） 如名词已有复数词尾 -s,只加,如： Teachers Dayladies roomtwenty minutes walk3） 凡不能加 s的名词,都可以用 名词+of + 名词 的结构来表示全部关系,如： the title of the song歌的名字 ; A picture of family; a map of China
13、4 ） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词全部格的后面经常不显现它所修饰的名词,如：the barbers理发店；5 ） 假如两个名词并列,并且分别有s ,就表示 分别有 ；只有一个 s ,就表示 共有 ； Johns and Marys room（两间）John and Marys room（一间）6 ） 复合名词或短语, s加在最终一个词的词尾；如： a month or twos absence7）双重全部格a friendof mine / hers / his / theirsa friend of Marys mother s代词、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词I me mym
14、ine myselfyouyou your yourself yourselveshe him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itselfwe usour ours ourselvesthey themtheir theirs themselves人称次序 you, he, she, I ;we, you, they主格作主语；宾格作宾语,动词和介词之后通常作宾格；形容词 性物主代词不能单独使用, 通常放在名词之前； 名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词,“ of 名词性物主代词”表示所属关系；Afriend of mi
15、ne我的一位伴侣 ; teacher of hers她的老师代词 it的用法：指代前面提到过的事物；表天气；表距离；指婴儿和不明身份的人； -John, someone in your class phoned you this morning. -Oh, who was it.用作形式主语；It s kind / good / nice /clever /polite / foolish of sb. to do sth.It s important / necessary / possible / easy / difficult for sb to do sth,It s time to
16、 get up. It s time for lunch.It s one s turn to do It seems thatIt takes sb. some time to do sth.用作形式宾语； Find / think / feel + it +adj +to do sth It one的区分It特指上文提到的同一对象,同一事物；one 同类而不同一；that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以防止重复；反身代词构成规章：一、二物主,三为宾；运用： hurt/ teach/ wash / buy/ enjoy oneselfby / Help oneself one sel
17、ves to - /Look after oneself/ Say to oneself/ Come to oneself、不定代词 little, a little, few, afew=severalsome, some, any much, too much, much too, more then =over, less than= nearlysomething某事,某物,用于确定句；anything任何事物,某事物,用于否定句、疑问句；everything每件事,一切事物, 用于各种句型；nothing没什么,没有任何东西；=not -any thingsomebody 某人,有人
18、 =someone留意：由复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数； Everyone is here.修饰不定代词的形容词后置； I have something important to tell you.在反意疑问句中, 表示人的复合代词在陈述句中作主语 时,附加问句中的主语用he 或anybody 任何人 用于否定句、 疑they ,表物的用 it；问句,条件从句中 nobody 没有人little, 几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰不行数名词；A little一点点,表示确定,用以修饰不行数名词；Only a little仅一点点 . 也可修饰形容词和副词；一点点,放在动词、动词
19、宾语后；few 几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰可数名词；a few=several几个, 一些,表示确定意思,用以修饰可数名词；some一些,修饰可数名词,后跟复数形式名词或ones,也可修饰不行数名词； 在表示恳求、 委婉语气的疑问句和表示期望得到对方的确定回答的问句中, 常用 some. Could you give mesomeapples.any 一些,任何一些； 一般用于疑问句中或否定句中和IF引导的条件句中；much 很多；修饰不行数名词, 放在不行数名词前, 可用 a lotof替换；too much 太多的,用法相当于 much ,放在不行数名词前； Heath is ver
20、y importantto us. Weshould eat more vegetablesand fruitinstead of too much rich food.muchtoo太,用法相当于 too,放在形容词和副词前； Keep quiet.It s much too noisy here.more than超过,多于； =overmore or less或多或少,差不多； =aboutat least至少a lot很多,修饰动词； Thanks a lot.a lot of = lots of很多的,可修饰可数名词和不行数名词；a number of很多的,= many 只用于修饰
21、复数形式名词,放在可数名词复数前；every用于三个或三个以上,着眼于整体；后可跟数词；词组有every ten minuetseach 用于两个或两个以上,着眼于个体；词组有each of either两个中任何一个eitherorboth两个都both - and -both of -neither两个中一个也没有e.g.-Do you like talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile phone.-Neither, I enjoy using QQ. neither - nor -any 三个以上中任何一个all三个以上中
22、全部none 三个以上中一个也没有； None of -中没有一个,表示三个或以上数目的人或物中没有一个, 表否定, 作主语时, 谓语动词一般用单数；others表示“泛指”除自己外,别的人； Some -, othersthe other表示两个中的另一个； One -, the other -the others表示特指的另一些；another后跟单数名词；表示泛指另一个人；后跟带数词的复数名词,表示“再,仍要”的意思；other别的,另外的,一般后跟复数名词或ones ,在 other前可加 some, many 或数词,表示“几个,一些别的”Such a tall buildingsu
23、ch an exciting football matchso many peopleeach other相互,彼此,指两个或两个物时；one another相互,彼此,指三者或三者以上的彼此； one another s 相互的,彼此的；数词表示数目多少或次序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词；表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示次序的数词叫序数词；一、基数词和序数词1）基数词写法和读法： 百位与十位,用 and,十位与个位,写时用“”先确定分节号, 从右至左, 每隔三位数是一个分节号；第一个分节号是千位thousand4 其次个分节号是千位million第三个分号节是十亿位 billion
24、.1,234 ,567,892one billiontwo hundred and thirty-fourmillion five hundred and sixty-seven thousand eight hundred andninety-two2） 分数表示法构成：分子基,分母序,分子大于1 时,分母在序数词后加 S：1/2 a half1/3 one-third； 2/3two thirds3/4 three quarters = three fourths2- 3/4 two andthree fourths3） 表示 岁月 ,用 in +the +数词复数； in the 198
25、0s（ 20世纪 80 岁月）4） 表某人几岁时 :in + 物主代词 +数词的复数形式 in one s twenties5） He livesin Rom88.One plus two isthree.Three times five is fifteen.6） hundred , thousand , million等词前有详细的数字时,不能加 S如 three hundreds这种说法是错误的7） hundreds ofthousands ofmillions of8）a 21-year-oldgirlthreedays and a half= threeand a half days
26、one and a half hours = one hour and ahalfwell have two weeks holiday two-week holiday9）（基数词变序数词的口诀）一、二、 三特殊记, th 从四以上记 ; 怎么加很简单,八减 t ,九减 e;f来把 ve 替,见 y 变 ie;如是遇到几十几,变换个位就可 以；One-firsttwo-secondthree- thirdfive- fiftheight-eighthnine- ninth twelve twelfththirteen- thirteenthfifteen-fifteentheighteen-
27、 eighteenthtwenty- twentieth twenty-one-twenty-firstthirty-thirtiethforty-forti ethfiftyfiftiethsixty- sixtiethseventy-seventietheighty-eightiethninety-ninetieth序数词的缩写形式： first-1stsecond-2nd thirty-first-31st形容和副词修饰 something, anything, everything, anybody等不定代词的形容词,形容词要放在不定代词之后；I have Something impo
28、rtant to tell you.enough 修饰形容词、副词时, enough 要放在形容词和副词之后；Far enoughinteresting, exciting, boring, amazing, surprising, moving 主语为物； Interested, excited, amazed, surprised, frightened, tired, pleased主语为人；Much, far, a lot, a little, even等后要用形容词或副词的比较级；I fell even worse now.5. 连系动词 be,感官动词 look, smell, t
29、aste, sound, feel 三个变 get, become, turn, keep后跟形容词 .既可作形容词又可作副词的词有：hard作形容词 =difficult ,作副词,放在 work, rain等后, 表努力地做；well 作形容词身体好 ;作副词,做得好；long 作形容词,表事物的长度,作副词,放在last,talk等后,表动作连续；Fast作作形容,放在系动词后,作副词放在rain, make sth.等词后,表“做得快”；High 作形容词“山,海浪的高；作副词 ,放在 fly, jump等后表飞得高,跳得高；五、形容词变为副词+lyuseful, wide, stro
30、ng改 y 为 i, 再加 lyhealthy, heavy, happy, lucky,noisy,good wellterrible-terriblyprobable-probably多数以 ly结尾的词是副词； 但 friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, daily, lively是形容词；China is larger than any other county in Asia.（同一范畴内）China is larger than any county in Afirca.（不同范畴内）how many 对可数名词数量的提问； Howmanypeople
31、are there in your family.How much 对不行数名词数量的提问和提问价格；Howlong多久,多长时间；回答常用： for+ 段时间since+点时间；How soon 多快,多久以后；回答常用：in + 段时间How often多长时间一次,提问频率；回答常用：once twice a week, three times a day, oftenHowfar多远,对距离提问；回答常用：fifteenminutes walk , 10 meters away形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：原级: as +原级 + as ;not as / so +原级 + as =反
32、义词+thanEnglish is as interesting as Chinese.Mr. Zhang isn t as old as Mr. Li. = Mr. Zhang is younger than Mr. Li.比较级的标志词 than,Lily s bag isbiggerthan hers.much, far,a little,even ,next timewhich / whoA,B .Which is more beautiful, Tom, Jim.the + 比较级 -,the+比较级 -The more we get together, the happier we
33、ll be.比较级 +and+比较级 （多音节词和部分双音节词用more and more +原级）越来越 -harder and harder , our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.最高级标志词： the + 最高级 + of/inShanghai is the biggest city in China.One of the +最高级 +名词复数Zhou Jiekun is one of the most popular singers.Which / who -+最高级, A,B or C.Who city is themo
34、st beautiful,Beijing,Shanghai or Kunming.序数词 +最高级,表“第几最-” Chang jiang is the first longest river in China.the second largest population形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规章（略）不规章: good / well-better-bestbad / badly/ ill -worse-worstmany / much - more-mostlittle-less-leastfar-farther （较远） - farthestfar-further（进一步）-fur
35、thesttired-moretired-themost tiredright,tired,glad. pleased. real 动词的时态时态结构标志词被动语态难点名称与要点一般现在时.amis are.there be 结构.行为动词sometimes, often, usually, always,every day, once a weekam/ is / are+done留意第三人称单数情形现在am/ isnow, look,am/ is/ are动词进行时/ are+Vinglisten,rightnow, +being +done at the moment,its +几点IN
36、G 形式的构成一般.was/yesterday,was / were留意过去时were +表语last, ago一家;+done动词的过结构.Vedjust now, in theold days, a moment去式的构成ago,long ago, ih the 1990s一般将来时.will/ shall +V 原形tomorrow, next year, this year,at the end of thiswill/ shall+ be +donebe going to留意动词过去分词的构.beterm, from now on,+be +done成 与过going toin th
37、e future,去式的区+V原形in a few days别timeP255过去was /at + 详细时间 ,was / were与一进行时were +Vingat this time.,+being +done般过去时when+一般过去时从的区分句现在完成时have /has +donealready, yet,just,never,ever,留意瞬时动词for, since,在现在完so far成时中的运用过去.would宾语从句中 , 从Would/将来时/ should+V原形句动作在主句动作之后发生 .should +be+done.was /be going towere go
38、ing+be +doneto +V 原形过去hadby+过去某一时Had +been +完成时+done点;donebefore +过去某一时间点 ; by thetime + 从句;从句动作在主句动作前发生情态情态动词 +be动词+done注:不规章动词过去式和过去分词详见初三课本的255 页；祈使句祈使句用以表达命令,要求,恳求,劝说等；1） 祈使句否定在句首加 Dont ：Dontmove.Dont be late.2） Let s -shallwe .letus him -willyou/ wont you.感叹句How+形容词或副词 +主语+谓语+其它How lovelythe ba
39、byis.What a / an + 形容词+可数名词单数 +主语+谓语+其它What a clever boy he is.What + 形容词+可数名词复数 +主语+谓语 +其它What wonderful ideas we have.What + 形容词+不行数名词 +主语+谓语 +其它What cold weather it is.反意疑问句1) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, too-to等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用确定含义； Some plants never blown
40、开花, do they .2) 陈述部分有 have to +v. had to + v. ,疑问部分常用 dont+主语（ didnt +主语）；We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we.3) 陈述部分的谓语是 used to时,疑问部分用 didnt +主语或 usednt +主语；He used to take pictures there, didnt he. / usednt he.4) 陈述部分有 had better + v.疑问句部分用 hadnt you.Youd better read it by yourself, h
41、adnt you.5) 陈述部分由 neither nor, either or连接的并列主语时,疑问部分依据其实际规律意义而定；Neither you nor I am engineer, are we.6) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this,疑问部分主语用 it ；Everything is ready, isnt it.7) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情形：a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词依据邻近从句的谓语而定；Mr. Smith had been to Beijingforseveraltimes,he
42、 should have been in China now, shouldnt he.b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语依据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he.He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he.c. 上述部分主句谓语是 think, believe, expect, suppose,imagine 等引导的定语从句, 疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句；I dont think he is bright, is he.We believe she can do it better, cant she.8) 陈述部分主语是不定代词 everybody, anyone, somebody,nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数 they ,有时也用单数 he；Everyone knows the a