《【精品】word attack strategies（可编辑.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《【精品】word attack strategies（可编辑.ppt（60页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Word Attack Strategiesn所谓猜测词义,是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的词义。n n猜词技巧也是一种很重要的应试技巧.在诸多的英语测试中,几乎都包含有判断生词或关键词词义的题目.如:n n1)In Line.the word.could best be replaced by which of the following?n n2)According to the author the word .means _.n n3)By word.the author means _.n n4)Which o
2、f the following is nearest/closest in meaning to.?一一 针对性解释 1根据定义(definition)猜测词义 如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。E.g.1)Anthropology is the scientific study of man.2)In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.n nVentilation,
3、as you know,is a system or means of providing fresh air.It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.ventilation 这个词的意思是通风.nMonogamy,the practice or condition of having one marriage partner,is now adopted by most countries as one of state policies.n nThe harbor(港口)is protected by a jet
4、ty a wall built out into the water.n n防波堤2.根据复述(restatement)猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。e.g.1)Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.e.g.2)Modern medicine and new methods of food production allow adults to liv
5、e longer and babies to survive,not die soon after birth.(Here“not die”helps us to know what survive means.)n n 3）He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats,swallowing fire,and other similar tricks.（以定语从句为线索猜测词义）nprestidigitator：变戏法者.4)Jack is now a florist,w
6、ho keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.florist花店主 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。e.g.Capacitance,or the ability to store electric charge,is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.n n Tornadoes(violent and destructive whirl wind)normally occur on ho
7、t,humid(a little wet)day,but not necessarily in the summer.ntornado即一种非常剧烈的、破坏性很大的旋转的风.很明显,这是旋风龙卷风;humid即有点湿,其词义很清楚是潮湿的意思.需要注意的是：同位语前 还常有or,similarly,that is to say,that is,to put it another way,in other words,namely,or other,to be precise,or rather,say,i.e.等副词或短语出现。n e.g.He suffers from SAD,which i
8、s short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.n nBefore the main business of a conference begins the chairman usually makes a short preliminary(i.e.introductory)speech,or make a few preliminary remarks.In other words,he says a few things by way of in
9、troduction.n npreliminary speech的意思是在开会之前主席所做的一些简单的介绍,或者说是开场白.nJane is indecisive,that is,she cant make up her mind.n unable to make decisions or choices n n优柔寡断优柔寡断优柔寡断优柔寡断3.根据举例(examples)猜测词义 恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索,表示列举关系的信号词有:like,for example,for instance,such as,especially,include,consist of,special
10、lye.g.1)The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.e.g.2)The simplest way to help the environment is not to impact on it.Tread as lightly as you can,take as little as possible,and put back as
11、 much as you can.(Impact can be understood through the examples of treading lightly,taking little and putting back much.)3)Today young couples who are just starting their households of ten spend lots of their money on appliances,for instance,washingmachines,refrigerators and color TVs.appliances即家用电
12、器。nDefined most broadly,folklore includes all the customs,belief and tradition that people have handed down from generation to generation.nfolklore:民俗学,民俗传统n nSelect any of these periodicals:Times,Newsweek or Readers Digest.n n a magazine which comes out at regular times二二 内在逻辑关系内在逻辑关系 1 根据对比(opposi
13、teopposite)关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或 难词的反义词猜测其词义。e.g.1)Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.e.g.2)Most of us see everything as independent from one another.But the reality is that everything is part of one interconnec
14、ted,interrelated whole.(With the help of“But”,we can guess that interconnected and interrelated have the opposite meaning of independent.)表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是or,unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while,whereas,though,instead(of),rather than,otherwise,nevertheless,nonetheless,on the o
15、ther hand etc.引导的并列句等。e.g.A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.n n In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way.Now,however,everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.nturmoil:混乱.nJane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all
16、 the time.nunwilling to talk about what you feeln有保留的；沉默的有保留的；沉默的2 根据比较关系猜测词义 同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似(same or similar)关系。e.g.Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，as.as.,the same as,or,also等。nThe new tax law supersedes,or replaces,the law tha
17、t was in effect last year.nsupersede一词的大概意思来,即取代,接替.n Mother was tall,fat and middle-aged.The principal of the school was an older woman,almost as plump as mother,and much shorter.nplump:肥胖的3根据因果关系猜测词义 在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系 推知生词词义。e.g.1)Tom is considered an autocratic administrator b
18、ecause he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.n表示因果关系的信号词还有:nsince,as,for,so,thus,consequently,therefore,hence,due to,result in,result from,as a result,for this reason,accordingly,so that,so.that,such.that n2）Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting,I bought a re
19、plica.An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference.nreplica应是一张复制品.3)There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.4 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义 在句子或段落种，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义.e.g.1)Although he often had the opportunity,Mr.Tritt was never able to steal
20、money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.2)Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.n n3)If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city,you mig
21、ht have witnessed a strange sight.You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback,saying something 三 外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关 系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。E.g.E.g.1)Husband：its really cold out tonight.Wife:Sure it is.My hands are practically numb.How about l
22、ighting the stove?2)The snake slithered through the grass 3)Trees bring water up from the ground,allowing water to evaporate into the atmosphere.(From our common sense we can get the meaning of evaporate as“to change from a liquid state to a gas.”).n nThe door was so low that I hit my head on the li
23、ntel.n na piece of wood across the top of a door 门楣n When a doctor performs an operation on a patient,he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious,because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.nanaesthetic一词的意思应该是麻醉剂.四.构词法依靠方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义 1 根据前缀猜测词
24、义 e.g.1)He fell into a ditch and lay there,semiconscious,for a few minutes.conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。2)Im illiterate about such things.词根literate意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指“一窍不通，不知道的”。2 根据后缀猜测词义 e.g.Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后
25、缀cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，结合大家熟 悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出 insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。2)Then the vapor may change into droplets.后 缀 let表 示“小 的”，词 根drop指“滴，滴状物”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义“小滴，微滴”3根据复合词的各部分猜测词义e.g.1)Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.highlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high
26、（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。2)Bullfight is very popular in Spain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动斗牛。n nRead the following sentences carefully and guess the meaning of the words in yellow.1.She is bilingual.In other words,she speaks English and French equally well.(直接定义 bili
27、ngual:会说两种语言的)2 It is difficult to list all of my fathers attributes because he has so many different talents and characters.(近义复述.attribute:特质；才能)3.It is believed that when a she-wolf loses her litter,she seeks a human child to take its place.(对比和比较表达.litter:狼仔;仔狼)4.After a day of hunting.Harold is
28、 ravenous.Yesterday,for example,he ate two bowls of soup,salad,a large chicken,and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied(举例表达.ravenous:“饿极了”)5.We had lots of candles on the tables and the waiters were carrying candles on their trays.(常识 trays“托盘”或“盘子”)6.Still other people are not
29、 avoiding work;strictly speaking,they are merely procrastinatingdelaying their work.(procrastinating 延误,耽搁)7.With many factors unforeseeable,there is no reason for us to show an optimism about our plan.(构词法 unforeseeable 不能预见)8.There are no high edifices of stone,just a few low wooden buildings.(edi
30、fice:large building)9.The period of adolescence,i.e.the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short,depending on social expectations and.(adolescence,青春期)10.In ancient Egypt，as everywhere，pitching stones was a favorite childrens gameBut a badly thrown rock could hurt a child pitch是“扔
31、”的意思。11.In many nations there are two financial extremes，from penury to great wealthpenury是“非常贫穷 12.He was strong and brave，this man was no namby-panby namby-panby的意思就是weak and timid（纤弱的）。13.Rushing and running on his job all day long，Mr Lewisenergy is depleted at the end of the day.deplete耗尽，用尽14.O
32、rigamiJapanese paper foldingis family fun.origami的意思是Japanese paper folding（日本折纸）。n n15.I am a resolute man.Once I set up a goal,I wont give it up easily.n n resolute:having great determination or firmness 坚定的，果断的n n 16.After spending three weeks in the woods,Henry was tired of solitude.n nbeing alone and away from other people 孤独