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1、 学英语 找长喜 1 考研英语翻译 LECTURE 4 基本步骤 课堂练习 Exercise 1 In some forms of natural selection,the race goes not to the swiftest,but to the sexiest.Even within a species so uniformly attractive as the peacock,having particularly good looks can be a ticket to genetic immortality.(1)But biologists have now shed
2、light on why,though some guys have all the luck,the rest are not faring as badly as it seems at least from a genetic point of view.The poor peacock has been unfairly saddled with a reputation for vanity because he shows off his feather in order to attract a mate.When a group of animals meet for such
3、 mating purposes,their activity is termed“lekking”.A peacock lek begins with a group of males calling loudly to gain the attention of nearby females.Once a suitable audience has assembled,the peacocks display their tails in hopes of catching the eye of a young hen.It seems a rum deal for most males.
4、(2)The larger the lek,the more females gather to watch;but since all the females go to the same few males,the majority of the cocks still walk away without mates,even though they are doing their utmost to attract them.So it is puzzling why the rejected birds show up,day after day,at the same lek,thr
5、oughout the mating season.Recently scientists tackled this question by studying a couple of hundred of these flighty creatures walking proudly at an animal park near London.Through genetic,they found that the peacocks within a particular lek tended to be more closely related to each other than those
6、 in other leks.(3)Their results suggest that the incentive for the losers to appear at leks is a form of the self-serving altruism known as kin selection.By attracting peahens for their close family members,the losers are helping to propagate genes that are similar to their own.To test this theory a
7、nd determine how the peacocks identified their relatives and picked nearby lekking sites,the researchers studied situations where peacock families had been disrupted.(4)A group of eight males that had been mated with four different females had offspring that were hatched in mixed-up groups so that t
8、he birds could not become familiar with their blood relatives.When the adult birds form these broods picked their lek sites,males who shared a father clustered together far more often than would be expected by chance alone.(5)And unrelated birds that had been reared together for a short time scorned
9、 their broodmates and preferred to lek near relatives who were perfect strangers instead.With no environmental clues as to their common ancestry,the birds were nevertheless able to engage in full-fledged nepotism.Birds of a feather do more than flock together:they cruise for action together,too.Exer
10、cise 2 Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary,flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.According to this formulation,highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes
11、 a new principle of organization.(1)However,the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts,even though it may be 学英语 找长喜 2 valid for the sciences.Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from
12、a difference in their goals.For the sciences,a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act.Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.(2)Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are
13、 relegated to the role of data,serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.The goal of highly creative art is very different:the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act.Shakespeares Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses o
14、f political power;nor is Picassos painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism,what highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits,but rather an aesthetic particular.(3)Aesthetic p
15、articular produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit,in an innovative way,the limits of an existing form,rather than transcend that form.(4)This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field;the co
16、mposer Monteverdi,who created music of the highest aesthetic value,comes to mind.More generally,however,whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth.Because they embody a new principle of organization,some musical works,su
17、ch as the operas of the Florentine Camerata,are of signal historical importance,but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music On the other hand,Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are conf
18、ined to extending existing means.It has been said of Beethoven that he topples the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules.(5)Rather he was an incomparable strategist who exploited lim
19、its the rules,forms,and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart,Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.课堂讲评 Exercise 1【语篇分析】本文是一篇观点论证型文章，用科学研究论证了孔雀王国在求偶过程中的“亲缘选择”。第一段：引出话题。首段就以孔雀为例说明竞争获胜者是那些最有吸引力的，但失败者从遗传的角度来看也是有意义的。第二、三段：承接首段继续讲述孔雀的求偶。第二段讲述了孔雀的求偶仪式。第三段讲到提出被拒绝的雄
20、孔雀为何在交配季节里日复一日地继续开屏这一疑问。第四、五段：介绍科学家所做的研究。第四段给出科学家们对上述疑问进行研究的结果。最后一段介绍了科学家们为了检验研究结果而做的进一 学英语 找长喜 3 步研究。【题目解析】1.But biologists have now shed light on why,though some guys have all the luck,the rest are not faring as badly as it seems at least from a genetic point of view.【要点】宾语从句的翻译【句法】复合句。句子的主干为 biol
21、ogists have now shed light on whythe rest are not faring。though some guys可以看作插入语。宾语从句顺译即可。【词法】shed light on 意为“阐明；使某事更为清楚”。2.The larger the lek,the more females gather to watch;but since all the females go to the same few males,the majority of the cocks still walk away without mates,even though they
22、 are doing their utmost to attract them.【要点】the more.the more 句型的翻译；since从句的翻译；even though 引导的让步从句的翻译；人称代词 them 的翻译【句法】由分号连接并列复合句。翻译注意：（1）第一个分句含有 the more.the more 结构，译为“越，越”。（2）since 引导的原因状语从句顺译。（3）even though引导的让步状语从句，可以顺译。其中包含的 them指代雌鸟，翻译时需指出。【词法】do ones utmost to do sth.意为“尽最大努力去做”。3.Their resu
23、lts suggest that the incentive for the losers to appear at leks is a form of the self-serving altruism known as kin selection.【要点】不定式作定语的翻译；过去分词短语作定语的翻译；转换法【句法】复合句。句子的主干为 Their results suggest。that 从句作 suggest 的宾语。翻译注意：（1）不定式短语 to appear at leks 作 the incentive 的定语，翻译时前置。（2）过去分词短语 known as kin selec
24、tion 作 altruism的定语，翻译时提前。（3）self-serving 名词作定语，利用转换法译成单句。4.A group of eight males that had been mated【全文翻译】在物竞天择的一些形式中，竞争获胜者并不是那些最敏捷的，而是那些最性感的。即便是在每个成员都很有吸引力的物种如孔雀之中，拥有独特而漂亮的外表也是让其基因代代相传的关键。1然而生物学家们如今已经阐明，尽管一些动物很幸运，但其他动物的命运都并不是看起来那样糟糕至少从遗传的角度来看是这样。可怜的孔雀一直被不公正地冠以“自负”的恶名，因为它为了吸引交配对象而炫耀自己的羽毛。当一群动物为了这样的
25、交配目的而聚集在一起，它们的行为就被称作“求偶”。孔雀的求偶从一群雄性孔雀响亮地鸣叫以引起附近雌孔雀的注意开始。一旦听众聚集得差不多了，雄孔雀便纷纷展示它们的尾羽，希望获得年轻雌孔雀的青睐。对于大多数雄鸟来说，这似乎就像是一场朗姆酒竞赛。2求偶场面越大，聚拢起来观看的雌鸟就会越多；但由于所有雌鸟都落入了相同的少数雄鸟手里，所以大多数雄鸟仍然得不到配偶，只能离开，尽管它们一直在尽最大努力地吸引雌鸟。因此，被拒绝的雄鸟为何在交配季节里、在同一次求偶过程中日复一日地继续开屏，这一点令人感到困惑。最近，科学家们通过研究这种见异思迁的鸟类在伦敦附近一个动物园里骄傲地踱步的 200 只孔雀解决了这一难题。
26、通过基因研究，他们发现在特定求偶群体之间孔雀的亲缘关系比较近；而与其他求偶群体的雄孔雀亲缘关系较远。3他们的结果表明，失败者在求偶仪式上出现的动力是一种称作“亲缘选择”的利他主义，这种利他主义也有利于它们自己。通过为自己的近亲吸引雌孔雀，失败者帮助将与它们自己相似的基因遗传下去。为了检验这一理论，确定孔雀如何辨别与它们有血缘关系的近亲并选择附近的求偶场所，研究人员研究了将孔雀族打乱的情形。4把 8 只雄孔雀与 4 只不同的雌孔雀交配后 学英语 找长喜 4 with four different females had offspring that were hatched in mixed-u
27、p groups so that the birds could not become familiar with their blood relatives.【要点】that 引导的定语从句的翻译；so that引导的目的状语从句的翻译【句法】复合句。句子的主干为 A group of eight maleshad offspring。翻译注意：（1）第一个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 eight males，采用分译后置法，将其先行词译成主语，定语从句译成谓语结构。（2）第二个 that 引导的定语从句修饰 offspring，也可以分译后置法处理。（3）o that 引导的目的状语从句
28、的翻译顺译即可。5.And unrelated birds that had been reared together for a short time scorned their broodmates and preferred to lek near relatives who were perfect strangers instead.【要点】定语从句的翻译【句法】复合句。句子的主干为 unrelated birdsscornedand preferred to。翻译注意：（1）that 引导的定语从句修饰先行词unrelated birds，定语从句翻译时前置。（2）who 引导的定
29、语从句修饰先行词 relatives，定语从句翻译时可以前置。产下的卵放在不同的孔雀群体中孵化，使得这些孔雀并不熟悉与它们有血缘关系的亲属。当这样孵化出来的孔雀成年后选择求偶场所时，有着同一个父亲的雄孔雀经常聚集在一起，这绝不是一种偶然。5而那些在一起喂养了一段时间却没有亲缘关系的孔雀也不屑于与它们同窝的孔雀一起，而是更愿意在那些完全陌生、却与它们有亲缘关系的孔雀附近求偶。在环境中没有关于它们属于同一祖先的提示之下，这些孔雀仍能做到充分的惟亲主义。的确是鸟以群分，但不仅如此，它们在寻觅配偶时也是一起行动。Exercise 2【语篇分析】本文是一篇观点证明型文章，证明了非凡创造性超越既有规则在科
30、学上适用，却在艺术方面行不通的观点。第一段：分析科学与艺术的不同之处。比较了科学与艺术所追求的目标不同：科学上所有高度创作行为都是为了要超越极限，形成新理论；而艺术追求的却是美学的特殊性，艺术现象本身就是非凡创作力的杰作。第二段：具体分析艺术追求的特殊性。对艺术而言非凡不一定超越既有规则，且创新不一定非凡。【题目解析】1.However,the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts,even though it m
31、ay be valid for the sciences.【全文翻译】不平凡的创造性活动被认为是具有革命性的，傲视那些已经确定的东西，创造出现在不被接受但在将来会被接受的事物。根据这一表述，非凡的创造性活动超越了现有的 学英语 找长喜 5【要点】that 引导的同位语从句的翻译；when，even though 分别引导的状语从句的翻译【句法】复合句。句子的主干为 the ideais misleading。that引导idea的同位语从句，when引导时间状语从句，even though 引导让步状语从句。翻译注意：（1）that 引导的同位语从句似于定语从句的译法，置于中心词的前面。（2）
32、when 引导的时间状语从句逆译。（3）even though 引导的从句顺译，其中主语 it 指代 idea，翻译时需指明。2.Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data,serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.【要点】补语的翻译；被动语态的翻译【句法】简单句。句子的主干为 Such phenomenaare relegated to the role of data。其后的
33、serving as是现在分词短语作状语。主语 phenomena 后的 as 短语作其补语。翻译注意：（1）主语补语采用比喻手法，翻译时需体现出现。补语直接翻译为中心词的定语。（2）被动句直接翻译为汉语的被动句，用“沦为”表示。3.Aesthetic particular produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit,in an innovative way,the limits of an existing form,rather than transcend that form.【要点】过去分词短语作定语的翻译；谓语和宾
34、语的隔离【句法】简单句。句子的主干为 Aesthetic particularextend or exploitthe limits of an existing form。翻译注意：（1）主语的过去分词定语，可翻译为前置定语。（2）状语 in an innovative way 提前，谓语后直接跟宾语。4.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field;the c
35、omposer Monteverdi,who created music of the highest aesthetic value,comes to mind.【要点】that 引导的宾语从句的翻译；who引导的定语从句的翻译；转化法【句法】由分号连接的并列复合句。第一个分句包含 that 引导的 deny 的宾语从句；第二存在形式并且建立了新的组织规则。1然而，在艺术上应用“非凡创造性超越既有规则”这一观点就会使人误解，尽管这个观点在科学方面很适用。这两者的差异部分归因于追求的目标不同。对于科学而言，创造性活动所追求的最终目标就是产生新的理论。创新的科学会产生新的命题，根据这些命题不同的
36、现象以更连贯的方式相互关联。2这些如钻石般闪耀，如正在筑巢鸟一样新颖的现象却沦为数据的角色，充当了用来表达或者测试新理论的工具。而具有高度创造性的艺术所向往的目标则不同：该现象本身就是非凡创造力的杰作。莎士比亚的哈姆雷特不是用来讲述这个举棋不定的王子或者是王权的价值；同样地，毕加索的名画格尔尼卡主要不是用于描述西班牙内战或是法西斯：非凡的艺术创作行为产生的不是超越既有规则的普遍性，而是创造美学的特殊性。3具有高度艺术创作力的艺术家所创造的美学特殊性用革新的方法开拓现有的形式，而不是超越这个形式。4这并不否认一些具有高度创造力的艺术家在艺术史中奠定了新的组织规则；作曲家蒙特维尔第，由于创造出了音
37、乐的最高审美价值被人们记住了。但是更多数的作品在音乐史上不管是否创造出了新的规则都和审美价值没有关系。因为它们使得新的规则具体化了，例如佛罗伦萨社的歌剧具有重要的历史意义，但是很少有听众或音乐学者会把它作为音乐的杰作。而另一方面，莫扎特的费加罗的婚礼却无疑是杰作，尽管它对现有的形式没有太大的革新。有人曾说贝多芬从常规中解放了被禁锢的音乐。但是在近期的一个研究中指出，贝多芬的作品没有超越任何基本的规则。5此外，他还是个无与伦比的战略家，因为他令人振奋的创造开拓了许多方面的极限如规则、形式和那些他从前辈海顿、莫扎特、汉德尔和巴赫继承下来的传统。学英语 找长喜 6 个 分 句 包 含 who 引 导
38、 的 修 饰 先 行 词Monteverdi 的定语从句。翻译注意：（1）that引导的宾语从句顺译。（2）who 引导的定语从句翻译为原因状语。（3）第二个分句使用主动语态，转换翻译为汉语的被动语态。5.Rather he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules,forms,and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart,Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.【要点】who 和 that 引导的定语从句的翻译【句法】复合句。句子的主干为 he was an incomparable strategist。who 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 strategist，从句中套嵌 that 引导的修饰 conventions 的定语从句，the rules,forms,and conventions 都是对 limits 的具体说明。翻译注意：（1）who 引导的定语从句翻译为原因状语从句。（2）that 引导的定语从句前置译。