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1、 1 定语从句（一）基本概念 1.由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容，这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。关系词的分类和基本用法 表一 分类 指代 引导词 关系代词 人 who,whom,that,as 事物 which,that,as 人或物（表所属关系）whose 关系副词 地点 where 时间 when 原因 why 表二 关系代词 指代 例句 解释 who 人 The man who helped
2、 you is Mr White.在定从中作主语 whom That is the person(whom/who/that)you want to see.在定从中作宾语，可省略 whose He is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定从中作定语 that Im not the fool that you thought me to be.在定从中作表语 as He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定从中作宾语 that 事物 The only thi
3、ng that we can do is to give you some advice.在定从中作宾语 which A dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words 在定从中作主语 whose He lives in a room whose window faces south 在定从中作定语 as It is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定从中作宾语 整句内容 As is known to all,he is the best student.在定从中作主语 表
4、三 关系副词 指代 例句 解释 when 时间 Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk?在定从中作状语 where 地点 The house where they live is not very large.在定从中作状语 2 why 原因 This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定从中作状语（二）定语从句的注意点 本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。1.that 与 which,who,whom 的用法区别 情 况 用法说明
5、例 句 只用 that 的情况 先 行 词 为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时 先行词被 all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few 等修饰时 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 先行词既指人又指物时 先行词被 the only,the very 修饰时 句中已经有 who 或 which 时，为了避免重复时 He told me everything that he knows.All the books that you offered has been given out.Thi
6、s is the best film that I have ever read.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.He is the only man that I want to see.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用 which,who,whom 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which指代物，用 who/whom 指人 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用 which 指物，whom 指人。先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用 whic
7、h,先行词为 those,one,he 时多用 who。He has a son,who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.只用 that，in which 或不用关系词的情况 the way 做先行词时 Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and cri
8、ticizing you.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.A.the way B.in the way that C.in the way D.the way which 2.as、which 和 that 的区别 从句 区 别 例 句 限制性 定语从句中 名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时，关系代词用 as,不能用 which He is not such a fool as he lo
9、oks.Dont read such books as you cant understand.非限制性 定语从句中 as 和 which 都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用 as；而 which 引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game,as we had expected.They won the game,which we hadnt expected.As is well known,he is a famous film star in the 1980s.the same.as 和 the
10、 same.that the same.as 指同类事物 the same.that 指原物 Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）Thats the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。3 3.where、when 与 why 引导的定语从句 关系副词 用 法 例 句 where 关系副词 where 引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。Were just trying to teach a point_both si
11、des will sit down together and talk.A.where B.that C.when D.which when 关系副词 when 引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。There was _time _I hated to go to school.A.a;that B.a;when C.the;that D.the;when why 关系副词 why 引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。Do you know the reason why she was put into pri
12、son?你知道她坐牢的原因吗？4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”,且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：原则 内 容 例 句 原则一 根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定 I saw a woman running toward me in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in th
13、e direction_she had come.A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which 解析此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用 from which 表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选D 原则二 根据先行词而定 There are two buildings,_ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A.the larger B.the larger of them C.the larger one that D.the larger of which 解析 the larger of whi
14、ch 指代 the larger of the two buildings，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词 of 的宾语，故答案为D。5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象 定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。现 象 例 句 在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think,I suppose,I guess,I imagine 等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。-Is that the s
15、mall town you often refer to?-Right,just the one _ you know I used to work for years.A.that B.which C.where D.what 解析 work 是不及物动词，先行词 one 在定语从句中只能作地点状语，You know 在句中作插入语，所以答案选C。He made another wonderful discovery,_of importance to science.A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.
16、I think is 解析这里 I think 是插入语，which 引导非限制 4 性定语从句，故选A。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语 There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。乍一看，that 引导的定语从句在名词 sky 的后面，似乎应该是修饰 sky 的。但仔细一想，”不对啊，天空怎么能象太阳呢？“，原来 that 引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点 状语分隔开来，修饰中心词 stars。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语 Do you reme
17、mber one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace 实际上是修饰 afternoon 而不是修饰 years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定
18、语从句移至谓语之后 A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.6.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别 类 别 区 别 例 句 定语从句 与 并列句 定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像 and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer 从结构上看，小题是定语从句，故填 who
19、m；小题有并列连词 but，是并列句，故填代词 them。定语从句 与 状语从句 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）Lets go where we can find a better job.我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。Do you know the time when t
20、he class is over?你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）It was already five oclock when the class was over.=When the class was over,it was already five oclock.当下课时己经是 5 点了。（时间状语从句）When,where 和 why 在引导定语从句时可以用“介词which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。This is the factory in which(where)his father once worked.这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）Put b
21、ack the book where it was.把书放回原处。（状语从句）5 定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。It is such an interesting book as we all like.它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as 用作动词 like 的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）It is such an interesting book that we all like it.它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that 不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从
22、句）定语从句 与 同位语从句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句）此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.Th
23、e news that he told us interested all of us.他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us.定语从句 与 强调句 强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调部分that从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用 who 代替 that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用 when 或where 代替 that。It is on the morning of May 1st _
24、 I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _ Mr Wang works 从结构上看：小题是强调句，故填 that。小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知 the factory 前差个介词 in，故填 where。此外还要注意下列两点：定语从句与习惯句型 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。It is the first time _ she has been in Shanghai It was the time _ Chinese people had a hard life 解析：这里小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It i
25、swas the firstsecond time that 从句。故填 that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。小题 the time 是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。定语从句与简单句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。The mother told the lazy boy to work，_ didnt help The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didnt help 解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；小题则填 It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。