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1、 目录 一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）.2 二、不定式.9 三、动词的时态和语态.30 一般现在时的特例.31 一般过去时的注意点.32 一般将来时的注意点.32 四、非谓语动词.33 五、复合式谓语.52 六、动词的虚拟语气.59 七、状语从句.69 1、时间状语从句.69 2.地点状语从句.73 3、原因状语从句.73 4条件状语从句.75 5让步状语从句.75 6目的状语从句.76 7结果状语从句.77 8方式状语从句.78 一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）主语 subject 谓语 predicate 宾语 object 宾语补足语 object complement 表语 pr
2、edictive 定语 attributive 状语 adverbial WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom.2)Sang many songs and danced happily.3)She attracts.4)Many people living in the country.5)All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）I八大成分的概念和构成 1主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。If you want
3、the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。充当主语的形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）名词短语 4）名词从句 5）数词 6）不定式 7）-ing 形式 8）介词短语（少见）形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）2谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。I have a dream.You dont always want what
4、you need,or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）3宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。You dont find opportunitiesyou make them.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。You probably wont hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。充当宾语形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）名词短语 4）名词从句 5）数词 6）不定式 7）-ing 形式 形式宾语（名词从句
5、，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）4表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)Time is money.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。构成形式：1）名词 2）形容词 3）代词 4）数词 5）不定式 6）ing 形式 7）过去分词 8）副词 9）介词短语 10）小品词 11）名词从句 5补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）构成形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）形容词 4）数词 5）不定式 6）-ing 形式 7）过去分词 8）介词短语 9）
6、副词小品词 10）名词从句 主语补语 Tom was made monitor.宾语补语 I made Tom monitor.表语补语 I am sure to succeed.6.定语：对名词性形式进行 X 围限定。This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of musicgood and bad.自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。构成形式：1）限定词 2）形容词 3）名词 4）数词 5）不定式 6）-ing 形式 7）过去分词 8）介词短语 9）副词 10）关系从句 7.同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff,the ma
7、gic dragon,lived by the sea.构成形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）名词短语 4）数词 5）不定式 6）-ing 形式 7）名词从句 8.状语：修饰词，短语，从句和整句。位置：自由自在。1）修饰性状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词等（时间，地点，肯定，否定，程度，频度，方式，伴随，原因，目的，比较等）。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。2）连接性状语：连接上下文（顺序，递进，转
8、折，让步，结果，推论，比较）。First comes spring,then summer.Ive never been to America,therefore I dont know much about it.3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。Frankly speaking,the food is not very good.英语句子成分歌 英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑，定语同位（语）专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）II成分关系 1补语跟着宾语表语跑：补语跟在宾语
9、和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。To love others makes us happyto love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）We are made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。2定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：定语，同位语修饰名词性形式 Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）They are going to Melbourne,th
10、e beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）3谓语动词由状语修饰 When you reach for the stars,you may not quite get one,but you wont come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获。1、主语：(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture.(画家画了一幅漂亮的画
11、。)/They fought against SARS bravely.(他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。)/To see is to believe.(耳听为虚眼见为实)./Helping animals is to help people.(帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用 it 代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey.(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。)/Eating too much is bad for your
12、health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.)(吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主-系”省略：(It is)nothing.(那)没有什么。)/(It)doesnt matter.(那)没有关系。)/(I)thank you.(我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesnt he?(这个人看上去很着急不是吗？)/Tigers are dangerous animals,arent they?(老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往
13、往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean,children.(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。)(省略了主语)/You go there and fetch me a glass of water.(你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be 句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made in this factory.(计算机生产于这家工厂。)/Where are they?(他们在哪儿？)/Does the boy like staying home?(这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)(7)主语与谓语必须保
14、持单、复数的一致,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam.(Jim 和 Rose都没有通过考试。)/The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.(中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)2、谓语：(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。)/Who teaches you English
15、this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？)/The pizza has gone bad.(那块烤馅饼已经变坏。)/(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：情态动词+时态助动词+语态助动词+主要动词(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to.(对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)/He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel.(他不可
16、能读完了那本长达 800 页的小说。)/Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out.(该采取措施防止 禽流感蔓延。)二、不定式 一、作主语 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2)用 it 作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the o
17、ld.It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work?不定式作宾语 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接 that 引导的从句。如：I decided to ask for my money back.I decided tha
18、t I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected that wewould start back on foot.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语 it 代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动 词it补语to do 句式。如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignla
19、nguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.介词 but,except,besides+to do(do)在这种句型中，如介词前有动词 do，后面应接不带 to 的不定式；如无 do，则接 to 不定式，即带 do 不带 to，带 to 不带 do。如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV It is+adj.+to do sth 句型 It is difficult for
20、us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good
21、,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise 等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的 sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于 Sb is形容词to do 句式，如：Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.2.动词+to do（作宾语）动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,它属于五种基本句型里的主+谓+宾结构,例如 I beg to differ.我不敢苟同.能用此结构的动
22、词有:决心 decide determin 学会 learn 想 want 希望 expect wish hope,拒绝 refuse 设法 manage strive 愿 care 假装 pretend,主动 ofer 答应 promise选 choose 计划 plan,同意 agree 请求 ask beg 帮一帮 help.为方便记忆大家把汉字连成句.另外再加上 afford to do sth 承担的起 3.在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what/who/which)或者连接副词（how/when/where)以及 whether 后面接一个带 to 的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词
23、宾语从句的简略形式。I wonder who to invite.(=who I should invite)Show us what to do.(=what we must do)I dont know whether to answer his letter.(=此处不用 if）4.不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用 it 作形式宾语,构成主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式 He found it very difficult to get to sleep.他发现很难入睡.注意：常用此结构的动词有 consider,judge,make,feel,m
24、ake 等。句型四：形容词+to do sth of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用，常用 brave,careful cruel,generous,clever,foolish,kind,modest,pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词 It is wise of you not to agree with you.It is generous of him to lend me his car,不定式作状语 作目的状语(1)I stayed there to see what would happen.Henry has de
25、cided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.(2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加 in order 或 so as。如：Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把 in order to 或不定式置于句首，但 so as to 不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为 so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：I stayed there so that(in order that)I coul
26、d see whatwould happen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised 等。We are glad to hear the news.I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is
27、 difficult to answer.The room is really comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible 等。作结果状语 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：soas to;suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool)as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到
28、会把它写下来。Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.enoughto The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.tooto Im too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中，tooto 并非是“太而不能”之意。如：Im only too glad to have passed the
29、 exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too 修饰 glad to have，相当 于 very）We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。too.to 的用法 一、too.to.的意义 too.to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意义上却是否定的，表示太而不能。too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，to 的后面接动词原形。too.to.句型是简单句。例如：He is too young to join the army.他年龄太小，不能参军。二、动词不定式的逻辑主语 动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时，需要在动词不定式前加上一个
30、逻辑主语(常用 for sb.)。例如：The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out.这道数学题太难我解不出来。三、too.to.结构表达肯定的意义 1.too 前面含有表示否定意义的词，如:not,never,nothing等时，too.to.结构不表示否定的意义。例如：It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)2.如果在 too.to.这种结构的前面出现了 only,不仅免去了 too 的否定意义，反而加强了 too 的肯定语气，only too 相当于 very 或 very
31、 much。例如：I shall be only too pleased to get home.到了家我将极其高兴。3.too 后接表示感情的形容词，如 glad,pleased,happy,sad 等时，too.to.句型不再表示否定意义，而表示的是肯定意义。例如：He is too sad to hear the bad news.听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。四、too.to.结构与 enough.to.结构及 so.that.结构的相互转换 1.将 too.to.结构转换为 enough.to.结构时，要注意：(1)enough 前的形容词或副词应是 too 前面形容词或副词的反义词
32、；(2)enough.to.句式须用否定式；(3)too.to.结构有逻辑主语时，enough.to.结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如：She is too young to do the work.=She isnt old enough to do the work.The problem is too hard for him to work out.=The problem isnt easy enough for him to work out.2.将 too.to.结构转换为 so.that.结构时，要注意：(1)so.that.结构是复合句，so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，that
33、的后面接从句。(2)that 后面的从句要用否定形式。例如：She is too young to go to school.=She is so young that she cant go to school.请同学们做做下列中考题，以便检验你对 too.to.用法的掌握情况。变换下列句型：1.a.The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.b.The box is _ heavy_ _ _ carry.c.The box is not _ _ for me to carry.2.a.The maths problem isnt easy enough
34、 for me to work out.b.The maths problem is _ difficult _ I cant work it out.c.The maths problem is _ difficult _ _ _ work out.3.a.The book is interesting enough for everybody to read.b.The book is _ interesting_ everybody likes to read it.Keys:1.b.too,for me to c.light enough 2.b.so,that c.too,for m
35、e to 3.b.so,that 不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：The next train to arrive is from Washington.Have you anything to be taken to your sister?Do you have anything to say on the question?Would you please give me some paper to write on?My wish to visit France has come true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：(
36、1)表示将来的动作（例）。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encou
37、rage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish 等。如：Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2)部分动词后常接 to be形容词、名词短语等形式，有时 to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),i
38、magine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd 等。We all believe John(to be)honest.I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No.1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时，to 不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish.(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略 to。I didnt hear anyone say anything abou
39、t it.They make the students do too much homework every day.这种句式在变为被动语态时，to 不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day.(4)help,know 后面的to可有可无。如：Would you please help me(to)fill in the taxform?Ive never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.(5)部分
40、短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望），prepare for,wish for 等。作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：He was not allowed to enter the classroom
41、 for being late.The young university student is considered to have great promise.不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.常见的短语有 to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；To be kind to the enemy is
42、to be cruel to the people.My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.动名词作主语 Learning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时，也常用 It 句式。如：Its+no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in dim light.Its no use
43、 sitting here waiting.Its形容词doing Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.这样用的形容词有 expensive,nice,tiring 等，但important,necessary 则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：Itsimportant for you to keep fit.There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next.在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于Its impossible to结构。动词不定式和动名词作主语
44、的区别 不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：Its no good eating too much fat.Its no good for you to eat so much fat.动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules.二、作宾语 动名词作宾语 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,fin
45、ish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on,put off 等。如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.You must give up smoking,for it does too much harm toyour health.动名词作介词的宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying
46、at home.What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing 等。部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want 等。在 need,require,wan
47、t 后接-ing 形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved).hate,love,like 接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：hate,like,love 前有 would(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee.当谓语动词 begin,continue,start 等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di ffi
48、cult maths problem.begin,continue,start 与 know,understand 等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit 等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake.Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake.部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根
49、据句子语境选择使用。forget,remember,regret 后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：Dont forget fo post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?Remember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toa
50、ttend the meeting.They regretted ordering these books from abroad.mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味着 I meant to catch up with the early bus.This means wasting a lot of money.try to do 设法尽力做某事 doing 试着做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings.Try working out the physics problem in another way.stop to