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1、专升本英语第一次课（专升本名词考点）专升本名词考点一、可数名词与不可数名词二、可数名词的复数形式三、名词的所有格四、名词在句子中的作用一、可数名词与不可数名词名词根据其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词表示人名、地名和机构等的专有名词。普通名词则表示一类人或事物的共有名称。普通名词又分为可数和不可数名词。可数名词：个体名词、集合名词不可数名词：物质名词、抽象名词。可数名词表示某类人或东西中的个体。如 table,country.或表示若干个体组成的集合体。如 family,people,committee,police.不可数名词表示无法分为个体的实物。如 air,tea,furnit
2、ure,water.或表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。如 work,information,advice,happiness.有些名词在一种场合下是可数名词，在另一种场合下是不可数名词。如 room房 间（可数），空 间（不可数）tim e时 间（不可数），次 数（可数）fish鱼（不可数），各种各样的鱼（可数）比较下列例句：There are nine rooms in the h o u se.（房间，可数名词）There isnt enough room for us three in the car.（空间，不可数名词）常用不可数名词Advice baggage cash clo
3、thing damage equipment furniture homework importance information jewelry knowledgelaughter luggage machinery mail money music news peace rain recognition research scenery soap snow trafficviolence water wind work注：machinery,poetry,jewelry,scenery 等相应的个体可数名词是 machine,poem,jewel,scene 等。如：a poem/a pie
4、ce of poetry 一首诗many machines/much machinery/many pieces of machinery 许多机器不可数名词的数量可以通过在其前面加单位词来表示。如：一块肉 a piece of meat两条长面包 two loaves of bread三件家具 three articles of furniture一大笔钱 a large sum of money二、可数名词的复数形式可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词复数的构成如下：1.一般情况下在名词后加-s.如：girls,books.浊辅音、元音结尾，s 发2.以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的词在名词后
5、加-es.如：glasses,boxes,matches,bushes.以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾，es 发iz 3.”辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变 y 为 i 再加-es.如：city-cities,country-countries.4.以 o 结尾的词多数力口-es.如：heroes,tomatoes,potatoes.echoes.Negroesradios,zoos,photos,pianos,kilos,autos,studios（照相馆）、bamboos ratios 例 夕 卜。5.f,fe 结尾的词，多数变 f,能为 v 再加-es.如：thieRthieves,leaf-l
6、eaves,half-halves,life-lives,wife-wives,knife-knives.但 beliefs chiefs cliffs proofs roofs safes gulfs少数名词有不规则的复数形式。如：man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,child-children,mouse-mice.Ox-oxen goose-geese可数名词复数一般情况下考不规则复数形式。个别名词的单数和复数的形式是一样的。如Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer.AircraftSwine yuan jin li Swi
7、ss means复合名词的复数形式。(A)在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair armchairs,bookcase bookcases,bookstore book-storeso(B)man和 woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：mandoctor men doctors,woman driver women dri-verso(C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部 分 力 口-s。如：brother-in-law brothers-in-law,passer-by passers-by0合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend boy-
8、friends,go-between go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up grown-upso有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods 货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages 工资，riches 贝 才 富，surroundings 环境，ashes 灰尘，compasses 圆规，cattle 家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with s b.同某人吵架，in high spirits 以很高热情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破
9、烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people,cattle,police;有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery,furrdture,mankind,jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew areall tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。不可数名词的数（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词
10、表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）in surprise惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success获 得 成 功a success 一个（件）成功的人（事）win honor赢 得 荣 誉an honor 一个（件）引以为荣的（事）Failure（失败）is the mother of success a failure 失败者失败是成功之母。by experience 靠经验 an experience 一次经历youth青 春a youth 一个青年人have pity on sb.怜 悯 某 人a pity
11、可惜的事情with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 乐事抽象名词与a（an）连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如:A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk（swim,bath,talk）with me?It is waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.（2）物质名词是不可数名词，但表示
12、数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink 一 些饮料,a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs儿根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。mankind（人类）：是一个不可数的集合名词，不用复数形式，也不连用冠词。如：This is an invention that benefits mankind.这是一项造福人类的发明。Mankind has its
13、 own problems.人类有自己的问题注：mankind表示“人（类）”时，虽不可数，但有时却可以表示复数意义，尤其是当其表语是复数时。如：Mankind are intelligent animals.人是理智的动物。.fruit（水果）：作为集合名词，它通常是不可数的。如：He doesnt eat much fruit.他不大吃水果。He is growing fruit in the country.他在乡下种水果。但是，当要表示种类时、它可视为可数名词，即a fruit指一种水果，fruits指多种水果。比较：Some fruits have thick skins.有些水果皮
14、很厚。The potato is a vegetable,not a fruit.土豆是一种蔬菜，而不是一种水果。damages（赔偿金）manners（礼貌）arms（武器）clothes（衣服）contents（目录）greens（青菜）pains（努力）regards（问候）emotions（情绪）authorities（当局）brains（智力）spirits（酒精）papers（文件）forces（军队）conditions（条件）customs（海关）goods（货物）looks（外表）物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。have breakfast The road i
15、s covered with snow.have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.有复数形式的不可数名词有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如:Use your brains,please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomor
16、rows meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains,no gains.After many failures,they finally succeeded.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.三.名词所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。1 有生命名词
17、的所有格一般在词尾加上”或 6。如：Toms bike,Engless（Engles）works,a works school,Womens Day,the editor-in-chiefs office2、如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上s 如：Tom and Mikes room.（共有），Toms and Mikes books.（不共有）。3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“s或 表示所有格,如:todays papers,ten minutes,walk4、表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省
18、去shop,house,home。如：the tailors5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：the window of the room6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：the teachersof the No.1 Middle School.7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncles,a daughter of
19、 Mrs Greens,the house of one of my friends4、名词作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。e.g.stone figures（石像）；paper money（纸币）；country music（乡村音乐）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校门 口）;book stores（书店）；traffic lights（交通灯）；summer holidays（暑假）；eveningdress（晚礼服）。但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。e.g.sports meet
20、（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room（学生阅览室）;goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。四、名词在句子中的作用1.主语是可数名词单数时，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。All roads lead to Rome.（条条大路通罗马His brother is an industrial engineer.The number of the students attending the party is increasing.the number
21、 o f表示数量，无论后面名词是复数还是单数，谓语动词是单数形式。Two-thirds of the shop belongs to me.two-thirds 三分之二几分之几作主语，谓语是单数形式。Both of us are studying English.总结：在名词作主语时，the number o f 谓语动词单数形式;几分之几，谓语单数形式；both谓语使用复数形式。2、主语是不可数名词、不定式或动名词词组、从句时，谓语动词用单数形式。All the money he received was given to his mother.Forgetting the past me
22、ans betrayal.What we are talking now is useless.3.主语部分若有as well as,with,together with,like,but,except等短语，谓语动词的单、复数与短语前面的名词一致。Mary,as well as her two sisters,is a student of this school.(as well as her two sisters作主语Mary的主语补足语，主 语 M ary是单数，所以谓语动词用单数形式)No one except my friends knows anything about it.
23、4.表示时间、距离、重量、价值等的复数名词作主语时，如果当作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。“+(X)=”算式中的谓语动词也用单数形式。Three times two is six.Three kilometers is 3,ooo metres.（three kilometers 作为整体来看）5.Either,neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Neither of us has been to Italy.Has either of them been to Shanghai?none代表可数的人或东西时，谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数，代表不可数的东西时，谓语动词用单数形式。No
24、ne of the students have/has seen the film.None of the money belongs to me.6.主语由eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also连接时，谓语形式由最邻近的主语决定。Not only you but also I am wrong.Neither my aunt nor 1 am going out this afternoon.Either you or she is to do the work.7.主语中有an d,如果表示单一概念，谓语动词用单数。The bread and butter
25、 is nice.8.主语前有many a,more than one修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。Many a book has been read by the students.many a book=many booksMore than one person has been to the Great Wall.9.集合名词作主语，当作整体看待时，谓语动词用单数形式，当作每个独立的个体看待时，谓语动词用复数。The committee meets once a y e a r.（作为整体）The committee are having a meeting n o w.（作为独立个体）
26、People,police作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The police have come to arrest him.英语名词基础知识精讲精练专项训练1.The commander said that two would be sent to the Iraqi front the next day.A.women5s doctor B.women doctorsC.womens doctors D.women doctor2.“Look!The police here to keep order!Go away quickly,one of them shouted.A.is com
27、ing B.comesC.are coming D.has come3.She could not speak English,but made her wishes known by means of.A.signs B.sighs C.movements D.words4.In my opinion,what he told us just now about the affair simply doesnt make any.A.idea B.meaning C.sense D.point5.Shelly had prepared carefully for her English ex
28、amination so that she could be sure of passing it on her firstA.intention B.attempt C.purpose D.desire6.food is kept in his new cave,but at last Saddam was still arrested.A.Large quantities of B.A great deal ofC.A large number of D.Quite a few7.一 Lefs try operating the machine right now.Wait.Better
29、read the first.A.instructions B.explanationsC.infonnation D.introduction8.The rest of the magazines within half an hour.A.is sold out B.was sold outC.were sold out D.are sold out9.Youd have more of catching the train if you took a bus to the station instead of walking.A.opportunity B.chance C.time D
30、.energy10.The number of deer,mountain lions and wild roses much if people leave things they are.A.doesnt change;as B.arent changed;likeC.dont change;like D.dont change;as11.1 knew I shouldnt accept anything from such a person,but I found it difficult to turn down hi s.A.offer B.suggestion C.request
31、D.plan12.i t is to gather with President Bush at such a special Thanksgiving Day in Iraq!A.what a fun B.what fun C.how fun D.what joy13.Oh.,John you gave us!A.How a great surprise B.how pleasant surpriseC.what a pleasant surprise D.what pleasant surprise14 He is as a leader but he hasnt in teaching.
32、A.success;many experiences B.a success;much experienceC.great success;an experience D.a great success;a lot of experiences15 Who did you spend last weekend with?A.Palmers B.The PalmersC.The Palmers D.The Palmers16.The brook lies within of the train station.A.ten-minute-ride B.ten minutes rideC.ten m
33、inutes ride D.ten minutesride17.My mothers is getting grey,but my father has only a few grey.A.hairs；hair B.hair：hair C.hair；hairs D.hair：hairs18.unicle is going to pick them up at the airport this afternoon.A.Jacks and Joans B.Jacks and JoanC.Jack and Joans D.Jack and Joan19.Ten days long enough fo
34、r Mr.Carter to finish his design.He doesnt need any more.A.is B.has been C.was D.had been20.Now,many people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs,for example,before the names of in businessletters.A.woman manager B.women manager C.woman managers D.women managers21 Neither John nor his father able t
35、o wake up early enough to catch the morning train.A.was B.were C.would be D.have been22.The room is eight long.A.foot B.foots C.feet D.feets23 Not only the students but also their teacher at the meeting.A.was present B.were present C.have been presented D.has been presented24.One of the things she w
36、rote about life on a small farm at the beginning of the century.A.is B.was C.are D.were25.Only about one out of twelve of the young men and women of this country college education.A.receive B.receives C.have received D.have been received26 Never before so many people been engaged in producing goods
37、just for the comfort of man.A.has B.have C.will D.would27 At the bus stop were a soldier and two young people on their way to North Carolina.A.were B.was C.is D.sits and waits28.There the last piece of cake and the last spoonful of ice cream.A.goes B.go C.gone D.was gone29The teacher,as well as a nu
38、mber of students,to attend the party.A.ask B.asks C.was asked D.were asked30 The father,rather than the brothers,responsible for the accident.A.is B.are C.have been D.has31 Either Carol or Grace to the concert,but one of them has to stay home.A.is coming B.are coming C.will coming D.have come32.Grea
39、t quantities of fish on high seas.A.is caught B.are caught C.catch D.is catching33.Either of the young ladies perfectly qualified to teach Greek and Latin.A.is B.are C.has D.have34 The nurse added to the medcine to make the ease for the child to take.A.some sugar B.some sugars C.a sugar D.sugars35 I
40、 like your furniture very much.”Thank you.We bought in Beijing.A.the most of them B.the most of it C.most of them D.most of it二非谓语动词英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构如果出现更多动词：加 连 词(and/but/so.)放入从句 变为非谓语动词主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语非谓语动词：不 定 式 to+v 动名词v-ing分 词 v-ed和 v-ing非谓语动词在句中所作的成分成分动词形式主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式VVVV动名词VVVV现在分词VVVV过去分词V
41、VVV不 定 式（to do/not to do）不定式的基本形式（语态、时态）不定式的语法功能（在句中担任的成分）不带to的不定式的用法不定式的基本形式主动形式被动形式一般时To doTo be done完成时to have doneTo have been done进行时To be doing完成进行时To have been doingto be doing 表示主动、过to have d o n e 表示主动、完布:成to have been doing表示动作从过去持续到现在，刚刚完成或者还在继续to be done 表示被动to have been d o n e 表示动作被动、完
42、成不定式的语法功能不定式可以做：主语、宾语、表语；定语、状语、补 语（宾语补足语）不定式做主语1.基本用法例 句:To see is to believe.（眼见为实）2.重要用法it做形式主语，to d o 做真主语结构一：it is+形容词+for sb+to do sth例 句:It is good for us to take part in physicallabour.结构二：it is+表人品的形容词+of+sb+to do例句：It is kind of you to help me.表示人品的形容词kind;nice;polite;clever;wise;fool;stupi
43、d;thoughtful不定式作宾语 动词+to do sth1.有些动词后面需要用to do作宾语，这些动词有:affbrd;aim;appear;attempt;bother;care;choose;claim;consent;dare;decline;demand;desire;fear;hesitate;manage;offer;pretend;resolve;seek;swear;strive.+to do sth例句：I hesitate to do everything.2.动词+疑问词+to do sth有些动词后面会加“连接词+to do”作宾语这样的动词有：tell;adv
44、ise;show;teach;decide;find out;discuss;learn;forget;know;have no idea 例句：My mother will teach me how to cookthe dish.扩展：疑问词+t。do sth结构还可以做主、表语例句：The question is how to put theplan into practice.3 如果不定式做宾语并带有补语，那么用 it做形式宾语，将不定式放到补语后面。例句：They found it impossible to geteverything ready in time.不定式作表语1.
45、有些词作主语可用不定式做表语表示将来的动作或具体的动作，这些词有：purpose;plan;goal;hope;wish;aim.例句：His purpose is to discover the mostfaithful friend.不定式做定语（通常放在被修饰词后面）1.基本用法下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish right courage、need promiseproblem opportunity way、the first、the second、the last、the only 等例句：There will be many difficultproblems t
46、o deal with.不定式做状语1.不定式做目的状语（常用so as to do和in order to do 的形式）例句：I decided to work hard in order tocatch up with the others.注意：in order to do可以放在句首作状语，用逗号与主句隔开。不定式做原因状语在一些形容词做表语时，可接不定式表明产生这种情绪的原因，此类形容词有:Happy;kicky;glad;sorry;proud;disappointed;angiy;surprised;ready;delighted;pleased;easy;difficult;
47、hard.例句：I am sorry to bother you.He is easy to get along with.不定式做结果状语常见结构：too.to：太以至于不能 .enough to.：足以only to.：结果却.so.as to 或 such.as to:如此.以至于例句：We hurried to the classroomonly to find none there.注意：有些不定式做状语形成了一种固定结构例如：to tell you the truthto my surpriseto be frankto be honestto be start withneedl
48、ess to say（不必说）动词不定式做宾语补足语1.有些动词后面可以加to d o 做宾补，这些动词有ask;allow;get;invite;tell;advise;help;want;order;wish;encourage;hate;wam;permit;oblige（迫使）构成“动词+sb+to do sth”例句：Please allow me to introduce myself.2.重点：有些动词后面用不带“to”的不定式做宾补，但是这类动词在转换为被动语态时，必须还原“to”这类动词有：make;let;have;keep;have;see;hear;vvatch;not
49、ice;feel;observe;Ieave;get例如：I see him enter the room.He was seen to enter the room.My mother makes me learn Englishevery day.I am made to learn English every day.不带“to”的不定式 有 些 动 词 如 感 官 动 词、使 役 动 词 后 面 用 不 带“to”的 不 定 式 做 宾 补，但 是 这 类 动 词 在 转 换 为 被 动 语 态 时，必 须 还 原”0make;let;have;see;hear;watch;notic
50、e;feel;observe.等 在 had better;would rather;would sooner;can*t but（只好、不得不）do nothing but.后面用不带“to”的不定式例句：Youd better tell him the truth.expect和 but之后，如果前面有“do则后面就省略“to”，如果前面没有“do”,则不省“to”例句：There is nothing to do except(but)read book.There is no choice except(but)to readbook.真题再现There were many talen