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1、目录一、句子成分与基本结构(涉及时态).错误!未定义书签。二、不定式.错误!未定义书签。三、动词的时态和语态.错误!未定义书签。一般现在时的特例.错误!未定义书签。一般过去时的注意点.错误!未定义书签。一般将来时的注意点.错误!未定义书签。四、非谓语动词.错误!未定义书签。五、复合式谓语.错误!未定义书签。六、动词的虚拟语气.错误!未定义书签。七、状语从句.错误!未定义书签。1、时间状语从句.错误!未定义书签。2.地点状语从句.错误!未定义书签。3、因素状语从句.错误!未定义书签。4.条件状语从句.错误!未定义书签。5.让步状语从句.错误!未定义书签。6.目的状语从句.错误!未定义书签。7.结
2、果状语从句.错误!未定义书签。8.方式状语从句.错误!未定义书签。一、句子成分与基本结构(涉及时态)主语 s u bject谓语 pr edicat e宾 语object宾语补足语 object complement表语 pr edict iv e定语 at t r ibu t iv e状语 adv er bialW A RM-UP:l)The t eacher in t he clas s r oom.2)Sang many s ong s and danced happily.3)She at t r act s.4)Many people liv ing in t he cou nt r
3、 y.5)A ll t he books on t he des k ov er t her e.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子(s ent ence)=主语+谓 语(核心:积极词)I.八大成分的概念和构成1.主语(名词代词形):句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象。If y ou w ant t he r ainbow y ou hav e t o pu t u p w it h t he r ain.不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。The s ecr et of s u cces s is t o s t ar t fr om s cr at ch and keep on s cr at
4、ching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短 语(少见)形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)2 .谓语:表达主语的行为或进行的活动。T hav e a dr eam.Y ou don,t alw ay s w ant w hat y ou need,or need w hat y ou w ant.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式:动 词(英语句子的灵魂)3 .宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。Y ou don t find oppor t
5、u ni t ies.y ou make t hem.你找不到机会。你得去发明机会。Y ou pr obably w on t hear oppor t u nit y knock if y ou r t elev is ion is alw ay s on.假如你常开着电视,你就也许听不到机会的敲门声。充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing 形式形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)4 .表语:说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)Time is money.Thr ee o clock is alw ay s t oo la
6、t e or t oo ear ly for any t hing y ou w ant t o do.你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing 形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语 1 0)小品词1 1)名词从句5 .补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句主语补语Tom was made monitor.宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语I am sure to succeed.6.定语:对名词
7、性形式进行范围限定。This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of music.good and bad.自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副 词10)关系从句7.同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff,the magic dragon,lived by the sea.构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句8.状语:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,
8、形容词,副 词 等(时间,地点,肯定,否认,限度,频度,方式,随着,因素,目的,比较等)。C an y o u feel t he l o v e t o n i ght?H o m e n ev er l o o k s s o go o d as w hen y o u co m e back fr o m get t i n g aw ay fr o m i t.只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。F i r s t co m es s p r i n g,t hen s um m er.Pv e n ev er bee
9、n t o A m er i ca,t her efo r e 1 do n t k n o w m uch abo ut i t.3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表达说话人的见解或态度。F r an k l y s p eak i n g,t he fo o d i s n o t v er y go o d.英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块,主谓宾表真呀真实在;补语跟着宾语表语跑,定语同位(语)专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在,忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少,前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RA P)I I.成分关系1 .补语跟着宾语表语跑:补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的
10、句子变成被动语态,则宾朴就变成了主补。To l o v e o t her s m ak es us hap p y.t o l o v e o ur s el v es m ak es us l o n el y.(宾补)We ar e m ade hap p y t o l o v e o t her s.w e ar e m ade l o n el y t o l o v e o ur s el v es.(主补)爱别人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。2 .定语,同 位(语)专把名词踹:定语,同位语修饰名词性形式E x p er i en ce i s t he bes t t each
11、er.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)They ar e go i n g t o M el bo ur n e,t he beaut i ful ci t y i n s o ut her n A us t r al i a.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)3.谓语动词由状语修饰When y o u r each fo r t he s t ar s,y o u m ay n o t q ui t e get o n e,but y o u w o n t co m e up w i t h a han dfulo f s an d ei t her.你想摘下天上的星星,也许一个也摘不下;但也不会一
12、无所获。1、主语:(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如:The p ai n t er p ai n t ed a v er y n i ce p i ct ur e.(画家画了一幅美丽的画。)/They fo ught agai n s t SA RS br av el y.(他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。)/To s ee i s t o bel i ev e.(耳听为虚眼见为实)./H e l pi ng ani m al s i s t o h e l p pe o pl e.(帮助动物就是帮助人类。)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用i t
13、代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:I t i s v e r y c o m f o r t ab l e t o h av e a C l ass A se at du r i ng t h e l o ng j o u r ne y.(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒适了。)/E at i ng t o o m u c h i s b ad f o r y o u r h e al t h.(=I t i s b ad f o r y o u r h e al t h e at i ng t o o m u c h.)(吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主一系
14、”省略:(I t i s)no t h i ng.(那)没有什么。)/(I t)do e sn t m at t e r.(那)没有关系。)/(I)t h ank y o u.(我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:T h e m an l o o k s w o r r i e d,do e sn h e?(这个人看上去很着急不是吗?)/T i ge r s ar e dange r o u s ani m al s,ar e n t t h e y?(老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。K e e p t h e k e y b o
15、ar ds c l e an,c h i l dr e n.(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。)(省略了主语)/Y o u go t h e r e and f e t c h m e a gl ass o f w at e r.(你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处在第二位和句尾;倒装句及t h e r e b e句型主语在动词之后。如:C o m pu t e r s ar e m ade i n t h i s f ac t o r y.(计算机生产于这家工厂。)/Wh e r e ar e t h e y?(他们在哪儿?)/D o e s t h e b o y l i
16、k e st ay i ng h o m e?(这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一规定。N e i t h e r J i m no r R o se h as passe d t h e e x am.(J i m 和 R o se 都没有通过考试。)I T h e C h i ne se pe o pl e ar e a h ar dw o r k i ng and b r av e pe o pl e.(中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)2、谓语:由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语 或 系动词+表语 等构成,说明主语所表达的人物“干什
17、么”或“怎么样“。如:H e t r av e l l e d i n spac e f o r t h e f i r st t i m e.(他初次在太空旅行。)/Wh o t e ac h e s y o u E ngl i sh t h i s y e ar?(今年谁教你们的英语?)/T h e pi z z a h as go ne b ad.(那块烤馅饼己经变坏。)/谓语动词必须反映出人称、单夏数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:情态动词+时态助动词+语态助动词+重要动词(不一定所有出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:I
18、a m s o r r y I a m m a kin g s o m u ch n o is e b u t I ha v e t o.(对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)/He ca n t ha v e fin is hed r ea din g t he 8 0 0-p a ge-l o n g n o v el.(他不也许读完了那本长达 8 0 0 页的小说。)/So m et hin g m u s t b e do n e t o s t o p t he fo w l fl u fr o m s p r ea din g o u t.(该采用措施防止禽流感蔓延。)二、不定
19、式一、作主语不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:把不定式置于句首。如:To get there by bike will take us half an hour.用i t作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:I t+b e+名词+to doIts our duty to take good care of the old.It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?不定式作宾语以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如:agree,ask,a
20、im,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如:I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.When our vi
21、sit to the farm was over,we expected that wewould startback on foot.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动 词+i t+补语+to d o句式。如:We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.介词 but,except,besides+to do(do)在这种句型中,如介词前有动词d o,后面应接不带t o的不
22、定式;如无do,则接t o不定式,即带d o不带t o,带t o不带do。如:The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TVIt is +a dj.+t o do s t h 句型It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarterof an hour.I t+b e+形容词-Hof sb+to doIt is stupid of you to write d
23、own everything the teachersays.It seems(appears)+形容词+to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型中,常用表达客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表达赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的s b,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相称于Sb is+形容词+to
24、d o句 式,如:Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.2.动词+todo C作卖语)动 词 不 定 式 做 宾 语 其 实 你 只 要 杷 不 定 式(to do sth)当 作 一 个 名 词 即 可,它 属 于 五 种 基 本 句 型 里 的 主+谓+实 结 构,例 如!bea t。chffer.我不敢药同.能 用 此 结 构 的 动 词 有:决心、decide determin 会 learn 想 want 希 1 expect wish hope,拒绝 ref
25、use设法manage strive 愿 care 假装 pretend,今板 ofer 答应 promise 选 choose计划plan,小 匕 准agree请求ask beg帮一帮help.为方便记忆大彖拈汉字连成句.此外再加上afford to do s th承担的起3.在一些动词之后,可以履连接代词fwhat/who/which)灰者连接副词fhow/when/where)以及whether后面接一个中to的动词不定灰。这种每构是遽接词实语从句的简略形式。I w o nd e r w h o to i nv i te.(=w h o I sh o uld i nv i te)S h
26、o w us w h a t to d o.(=w h a t w e m ust d o)I d o n t k no w w h e th e r to a nsw e r h i s le tte r.(=止匕处不用 i f)4.不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用i t作形式宾语,构成 主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式H e f o und i t v e ry d i f f i c ult to g e t to sle e p.他发现很难入睡.注意:常用此结构的动词有c o nsi d e r,j ud g e,m a k e,f e e l,
27、m a k e 等。句型例句解释1)动 词+i t+实补(名词或形容词)+宾语to d oT h e d e v e lo pm e nt o f ste e lni b s maken it possible tod e v e lo p pe ns.不定式作宾语后置了,需要形式宾港i t.2)动 词+i t+宾补(名词或形容词)+th a t宾语从句T h e d e v e lo j H ne nt o f ste e lni b s makes it possible tj i a gpe o ple c a q d e v e lo p pe ns.th a t从句作宾语后置了,需要
28、形式宾语i t。3)动词+宾补(名词或形容词)+名词宾语T h e d e v e lo pm e nt o f ste e lni b s makes possible th e d e-v e b pm e nt o f pe ns.名词短语作宾语后置了,不需要形式宾语i t。值要结论:在“宾语,宾语补足语”的结构中,若将不定式宾语或从句宾语放在朴足语后边,则须加上形式宾语i t;名词宾语后置,不能加形式宾语ito句型四:形容词+to d o sth句子主语与不定式动词存在这种动宾关系的情况下,我们要注意以下三点:1)不定式动词一般不用被动式:(最容易出错)a.Engiish is dif
29、ficult to be spoken.*b.Football is interesting to be watched.*2)不定式后不能再加宾语:a.Football is very interesting to watch it.*b.She is nice to talk to her.*3)不定式动词所带的介词不能省略:a.She is interesting to listen.*-、b.She is easy to get on.*O f sb to d o 用来说明人的性格特性和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用,常用 b ra v e,c a re f ul c rue l,g
30、 e ne ro us,c le v e r,f o o li sh,k i nd,m o d e st,pi li te,ni c e,rud e,stupi d,等形容词It i s w i se o f y o u no t to a g re e w i th y o u.It i s g e ne ro us o f h i m to le nd m e h i s c a r,不定式作状语1.作目的状语(1)I stayed there to see what would happen.Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be ex
31、aminedby the doctor.(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as。如:B ob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in 0rder t o或不定式置于句首,但so as t o不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句,如:I stayed there so that(in order that)I could see what would happen.(3)在部分表达感情色彩的形容词、过
32、去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。We are glad to hear the news.(2)1 was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write sowell.在部分形容词后接不定式,用积极形式表达被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如:The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.The room is really
33、comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有:comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible 等。2.作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如:soas to;suchas toIm not so stupid(a fool)as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。r m not such a stupid fool as to
34、put it in writing.enoughtoThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.only toJ ane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.tootor m too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中,tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如:Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太快乐了。(too 修饰 glad to have,相称 于
35、 very)We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语)。too.t o 的用法、too.to.的意义to o.t o 句型形式上是肯定的,但是它在意义上却是否认的,表 达 太而不能。to o 的后面接形容词或副词的原级,t o 的后面接动词原形。to o.to.句型是简朴句。例如:H e i s to o y o ung to j o i n th e a rm y.他年龄太小,不能参军。二、动词不定式的逻辑主语动词不定式所表达的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时,需要在动词不定式前加上一个逻辑主语(常用f o r sb.)o例如:T h e
36、 m a th s pro b le m i s to o d i f f i c ult f o r m e to w o rk o ut.这道数学题太难我解不出来。三、to o.to.结构表达肯定的意义1.to o 前面具有表达否认意义的词,如:no t,ne v e r,no th i ng 等时,to o.to.结构不表达否认的意义。例如:It i s ne v e r to o o ld to le a rn.活到老,学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)2.假如在too.to.这种结构的前面出现了 only,不仅免去了 too的否认意义,反而加强了 too的肯定语气,only too相称于v
37、ery或 very much。例如:I shall be only too pleased to get home.到了家我将极其快乐。3.too后接表达感情的形容词,如 glad,pleased,happy,sad等时,too.to.句型不再表达否认意义,而表达的是肯定意义。例如:He is too sad to hear the bad news.听到这个不幸的消息他太悲哀了。四、too.to.结构与 enough.to.结构及 so.that.结构的互相转换1.将 too.to.结构转换为enough.to.结构时,要注意:(1)enough前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反
38、义词;(2)enough.to.句式须用否认式;(3)too.to.结构有逻辑主语时,enough.to.结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如:She is too young to do the work.=She isnt old enough to dothe work.The problem is too hard for him to work out.=The problem isnteasyenough for him to work out.2.将too.to.结构转换为so.that.结构时,要注意:(1)so.that.结构是复合句,s o的后面接形容词或副词的原级,that的后面接
39、从句。(2)that后面的从句要用否认形式。例如:She is too young to go to school.=She is so young that she can tgo to school.请同学们做做下列中考题,以便检查你对too.to.用法的掌握情况。变换下列句型:1.a.The box is so heavy that I can,t carry it.b.The box is heavy carry.c.The box is n o t for me to carry.2.a.The maths problem isn,t easy enough for me to wo
40、rk out.b.The maths problem is difficult I cant work itout.c.The maths problem is difficultwork out.3.a.The book is interesting enough for everybody to read.b.The book is interesting everybody 1 ikes toread it.K eys:1.b.too,for me to c.light enough2.b.so,that c.too,for me to3.b.so,that不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语
41、,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:The next train to arrive is from Washington.Have you anything to be taken to your sister?(3)Do you have anything to say on the question?Would you please give me some paper to write on?My wish to visit France has come true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表达以下关系:(1)表达将来的动作(例)。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如
42、是不及物动词,则需加介词(例)。(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用积极语态(例);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例)。(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例to arrive=that willarrive0作宾语补足语一些及物动词除规定按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特性,这时意思才相对完整。(1)常规定不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(逼迫),encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,wou
43、ldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish 等。如:Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?(2)1 want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2)部分动词后常接t o b e +形容词、名词短语等形式,有 时t o b e可省略,如:b e l i e v e,c o n s i d e r,d i s c o v e r,f i n d(=c o n s i d e r),f e e l(=t
44、 h i n k),i m a g i n e,ju d g e,k n o w,p r o v e,t h i n k,s u p p o s e,s e e (u n d e r s t a n d),u n d e r s t a n d 等。W e a l l b e l i e v e J o h n (t o b e)h o n e s t.I c o n s i d e r h i m(t o b e)o n e o f t h e b e s t b i o l o g y t e a c h e r s o f N o.1M i d d l e S c h o o l.但当不
45、定式是完毕式时,t o不能省略,如:W e c o n s i d e r h i m t o h a v e b e e nf o o l i s h.(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略t o。I d i d n t h e a r a n y o n e s a y a n y t h i n g a b o u t i t.T h e y m a k e t h e s t u d e n t s d o t o o m u c h h o m e w o r k e v e r y d a y.这种句式在变为被动语态时,t o不能省略,如第句:T h e s t u d
46、e n t s a r e m a d et o d ot o o m u c h h o m e w o r k e v e r y d a y.(4)h e l p,k n o w后面的“t o”可有可无。如:W o u l d y o u p l e a s e h e l p m e(t o)f i l l i n t h e t a x f o r m?I v e n e v e r k n o w n h e r (t o)b e l a t e b e f o r e.但:H e w a s k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n t o F r a n c
47、e b e f o r e.(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:Y o u m a y d e p e n d o n t h e m t o b e t h e r e e a r l y.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有:ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for(渴望),prepare for,wish for 等。2.作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。
48、如:He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.The young university student is considered to have great promise.3.不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.常见的短语有to be exact(确切地说),to begin with(一方面),to do him justice(说句对他公道的话),to be sure(真的)等等。不
49、定式作表语表达具体动作或将来动作;To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.2.动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式。如:Its+no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doingI
50、ts no good reading in dim light.Its no use sitting here waiting.It s+形容词+doingIts dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.这样用的形容词有 expensive,nice,tiring 等,但 important,necessary则不合用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It,simportant for you to keep fit.There is no+doingThere is no saying what will happen next.在这一结构中,动