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1、IntroductionofPhoneticsDefinitionspeechsoundandphonemepositionoforgansclassificationofphonemesDefinitionPhoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguage.nEnglishphoneticscoversthearticulation,classificationandcombinationoftheEnglishspeechsounds.nItalsodealswiththelawsoftheirc
2、hanges,therulesofstressesandtheintonationinEnglishspeech.speechsound&phonemepspeechsoundpphonemespeechsound语音语音nphoneticterm(thesoundasitisutteredbyspeechorgansb)noftenbeputinnarrownvastnumberp7/l/llatelunchlmilktelltwelveworldgirl/p/phstopmappspeaksport phoneme(basicsound)nfunctionterm（consonantsor
3、vowels）noftenbeputin/broadnhasvariations(allophone音位变体音位变体)/p/p&phnlimitedinnumber:48 nThemaindifferenceisthatphonemeisdistinctive.nphonemecandistinguishonewordfromanotherbymeaningeg.fatfatfitfitfeetfi:tnphonemecandistinguishthegrammaticalformofthesameword.nmanmentooth teethwalkswalkedcome came spee
4、chsoundsarenotdistinctive:sportphpphonemenPhonemeisthesmallestphoneticunitoflanguage.nItisdistinctive.ContentofPhoneticsnorganic formation(articulation)production transmission receptionnposition of organs1.Windpipe2.vocalcords4.tonguetip，blade,front,back5.hardpalate6.softpalate7.teethridge8.teeth9.u
5、vula10.nasalcavity，mouthcavityn鼻腔鼻腔mnclimbpen/ten/hensinging口腔口腔 ausitdown,downtown,roundn唇唇pbmwu:n齿齿fvverywell;everywheren舌尖舌尖tdbut,goodn齿龈齿龈llittle,well,told,wolfmanememberi:shen硬腭硬腭jn软腭软腭kgn声带声带清浊清浊送气送气学习发音器官的目的学习发音器官的目的1.1.了解发音器官，合理运用了解发音器官，合理运用pitch 在英语中的重要性在英语中的重要性合理调整音高，形成得体的合理调整音高，形成得体的inton
6、ation以汉语朗诵（以汉语朗诵（elocution）为例）为例 蜀道之难，难于上青天！蜀道之难，难于上青天！2.2.熟悉发音器官，调整发音方法，对每一熟悉发音器官，调整发音方法，对每一个英语音位的发音位置熟练掌握。个英语音位的发音位置熟练掌握。辅音讲究清晰、干净辅音讲究清晰、干净 元音讲究到位、饱满、前后分明元音讲究到位、饱满、前后分明classificationofphonemes-consonants(28)workofvocalcordsvoiced&voicelessplaceofarticulationmannerofarticulation-vowels(20)monophtho
7、ngs(12)diphthongs(8)Place of articulation n1.bilabial(twolips)双唇音双唇音n/p/b/m/w/n2.labio-dental(topteeth/bottomlip)唇齿音唇齿音/f/v/n3.dental(tonguetip/topteeth)齿音齿音/n4.alveolar(tonguetip/toothridge)齿龈音齿龈音/t/d/s/z/ts/dz/n/l/n n5.post alveolar(tongue tip or mid/hardpalate)后齿龈音后齿龈音/r/tr/dr/n6.Palatalalveolar(
8、bladeofthetongue/hardpalate)硬腭齿龈音硬腭齿龈音/t/d/n7.palatal(tonguemid/hardpalate)硬腭音硬腭音/j/n8.velar(tongueback/softpalate)软腭音软腭音/k/g/n9.glottal声门音声门音/h/Manners of articulation n1.Stops(orplosives)爆破音爆破音/p/b/k/g/t/d/n2.Fricatives摩擦音摩擦音/f/v/s/z/h/n3.Affricates破擦音破擦音/ts/dz/t/d/trdrn4.Nasals鼻音鼻音/m/n/5.Lateral舌
9、侧音舌侧音/l/n6.Frictionlesscontinuant无摩擦延续音无摩擦延续音/r/n7.Semi-vowels半元音半元音/w/j/vowels(20)monophthongs(12)/i:/,/i/,/e/,/,/:/,/,/:/,/u/,/u:/,/,/:/,/diphthongs(8)/ei/,/u/,/ai/,/au/,/i/i/,/,/u/Listen to this!示范新东方Soundchangesinconnectedspeech1)assimilationnewszpaperpnewspapers2)elision(omissionofsounds)语言随着时代
10、发展而发展变化语言随着时代发展而发展变化意义改变意义改变gay意义延伸意义延伸coolislandhistorymosto(f)them3)linkingsound(liaison):getitmoreandmoresee/j/itto/w/us4)strongandweakformsofwordsEnglishrhythmgivehimtwocleanandbright5)stresswordstressinterestconsequentlysentencestressJohnandMaryshouldgoJohnandMaryshouldgo.6)intonationlevel,fall
11、,riseHowdareyou！Areyouwell?nRP-receivedpronunciation ItisthesortofEnglishbasedonLondondialectandusedbyeducatedpeopleandtheannouncersofBBC.以一种在英国和英语区域被广泛接受和普遍能听以一种在英国和英语区域被广泛接受和普遍能听懂的读音方式和体系作为依据，这种发音体系就懂的读音方式和体系作为依据，这种发音体系就叫做叫做“通用发音通用发音”nGB-generalBritishnGA-generalAmericanPhonetictranscriptionbroad/
12、k/keepcownarrowlakeloldlOnesymbolrepresentsonesoundandneveranyother.一符一音，一音一符一符一音，一音一符nOnesoundisoftenspeltinanumberofdifferentways:pitybusyprettywomen-inOneletteroftenstandsfordifferentsoundsindifferentwords.Chinafatherbadany-aa:enManylettersaremutesounds.knockdoubt-kbnThesamespellingmayhavetwodifferentpronunciationsaccordingtodifferentmeanings.bowtearnWordsspeltindifferentwaysmayhavethesamepronunciation.pi:spiecepeace辅音视频辅音视频