2021最新整理成考专升本《英语》基础知识、语法考点汇总2738.pdf

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1、知识改变命运,学习成就未来 2021 最新整理成考专升本英语基础知识、语法考点汇总 一、基础知识:1、名词 名词是表示人、事物、地点或 抽象概念的词。名词有种类的划分、数与格的变化。名词的种类 名词的种类按其性质分为三种:1、普通名词和专有名词。普通名词如 child 儿童,water水,army 军队,sadness 悲哀。专有名词如 China 中国,Smith史密斯,Monday 星期一,以及报纸的名称等。2、可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词如 a child 一个儿童,two groups 两组人。不可数名词如 water 水,work 工作。有些单词既可做可数名词又可做不可数名词,但意

2、义有别。3、简单名词和复合名词。简单名词如:child 儿童,water水。复合名词如:mother-in-law 岳母,goldfish 金鱼,credit card 信用卡 名词的数 名词的数的变化 名词的数的变化通常指单、复数的变化。由单数变成复数按规则加-s、-es、变 y 为 i 再加-es,或去掉-f 或-fe 再加-ves。但要注意符合名词的复数形式有几种不同情况需要记忆:知识改变命运,学习成就未来 (1)最后的部分变为复数形式:如 traffic lighttraffic lights 红绿灯。(2)主要部分变为复数形式:如 mother-in-lawmothers-in-la

3、w 岳母、婆婆。(3)以 man 或 woman 为第一部分的复合名词变复数时,前后都变复数:如 man workermen workers。冠词 冠词分为三类:定冠词(the)、不定冠词(a/an)和零冠词(无冠词)。冠词虽本身无意义,但在英语语言中又是不可缺少的一部分。冠词的位置和用法的一些细节是不可忽视的。冠词的位置 1、定冠词通常位于所修饰的名词或名词的修饰语之前。例如:the student 学生 the fresh air 新鲜的空气 定冠词置于某些词之后。这些词是:all,both,half,three times,twice 等。例如:All the travelers for

4、 this trip got travel insurance.这次旅行的所有游客都获得了旅行保险。Ive finished half the book.这本书我看了一半了。当 only,same,very 以及序数词修饰名词时,定冠词置于这知识改变命运,学习成就未来 些词之前。例如:He lives on the seventh floor.他住在七层。The only thing he knows is reading.他知道的唯一一件事就是看书。2、不定冠词的位置 不定冠词通常位于所修饰的名词或名词的修饰语之前。例如:a student 一个学生 an orange flower 一朵橘

5、色的花 不 定 冠 词 置 于 某 些 词 之 后。这 些 词 是:half,many,such,what,quite,rather 等。例如:He stood there waiting for half an hour.他站在那里等了半个小时。I was quite a long way away.我离得很远。名词前的形容词由 as,how,so,too,等词修饰时,不定冠词在形容词之后。例如:Why couldnt this be as good a film as the original?这个为什么就没有原创的电影好呢?Too big a house,isnt it?这个房子太大了,

6、对吧?知识改变命运,学习成就未来 动词 动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词有种类的划分、形式的区别以及时态、语态和语气的不同,另外还有非谓语动词。动词的分类 动词大体上分为及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。1、及物动词 这类动词要求后接一个宾语、双宾语或复合宾语。(1)后接一个宾语:及物动词+一个宾语,如 have an idea有个主意。(2)后接双宾语:所谓双宾语是指有些及物动词可以接两个宾语,即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。表达方式:及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如 bought me a car 给我买下了一辆车。其中 me 为间接宾语,a car 为直接宾语。双宾语的特

7、点是间接宾语可以改为由介词 to 或 for 引起的短语,放在直接宾语后面。例如:I wonder who will cook us meal today.不知道今天谁给我做饭。2、不及物动词 这类动词不要求有宾语。很多动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。例如:He graduated.知识改变命运,学习成就未来 他毕业了。(不及物动词)We won.(不及物动词)我们赢了。We won a world cup.我们赢了世界杯。(及物动词)3、连系动词 这类动词本身有词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须有名词或形容 词 作 他 们 的 表 语,构 成 系 表 结 构。这 类 动 词 有:appear,be

8、,become,feel,get,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,taste.例如:He looks sharp today.他今天看起来很帅。(形容词作表语)He finally became an engineer.他终于成为工程师.(名词作表语)4、助动词 这类动词本身无意义,不能独立作谓语,必须与有实意的动词共同表示时态、语态、语气(否定、疑问)倒装或强调。这类动词有:be,do,have,shall,will.例如:Does Mary come every week?Never did she come.Mary 每周都来吗?她从来没来过。(疑问,倒装)Ma

9、ry didnt get the letter.Mary 没有收到信。(过去时,否定)知识改变命运,学习成就未来 Mary would come if she were invited.如果 Mary 受到邀请,她会来的。(虚拟语气,被动语态)5、情态动词 这类动词本身有表示猜测、必要、能力以及义务之含义,但意义不完全,不能独立作谓语,必须与动词原形构成意义完整的谓 语 部 分。这 类 动 词 有:can,dare,may,must,need,ought to,shall,will.例如:He cannot offer his daughters education.他支付不起女儿的教育费用。

10、(cannot 表能力)He might be about ten minutes late.他有可能晚十分钟左右。(might 表猜测)代词 代词通常起名词或形容词的作用。代词的种类比较多。人称代词,如 I,he,they;物主代词,如 my,his,theirs;指示代词,如 this,those,so;反身代词,如 myself,yourself,themselves;相 互 代 词,如 each other,one another;疑 问代 词,如which,what,whose;关系代词,如 who,whose,as,that;不定代词,如 all,both,something 等。

11、一些代词的区别 1、同词不同类:who,whom,whose,what,which 这些词既属于疑问代词类又属关系代词类。当他们作疑问代词时,它们引导的是特殊疑问句,通常在句首,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、或知识改变命运,学习成就未来 定语。但当它们作关系代词时,它们引导的是从句,在从句作主语、宾语、表语或定语。例如:Who won the first price?谁赢了第一?(疑问代词,主语)Whom did you choose to work with?你选谁跟你一起工作?(疑问代词,宾语)What is your problem?你的问题是什么?(疑问代词,表语)Which paper

12、do you prefer?你喜欢哪篇文章?(疑问代词,定语)The man who sits there reading is Pams boyfriend.坐在那儿看书的人是 Pam 的男朋友。(关系代词,主语)I lost the book which you just sent me.我把你刚刚寄给我的书给丢了。(关系代词,宾语)She is thinking of what the salary is for that job.她考虑的是这份工作的工资。(关系代词,表语)He likes to make a friend with the man whose hobby is spo

13、rt.他喜欢跟爱好运动的人交朋友。2、名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的区别:(1)拼写不同。见下面的对比:名词性物主代词:mine ours yours his/hers/its theirs 知识改变命运,学习成就未来 形容词性物主代词:my our your his/her/its their (2)用法不同。名词性物主代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语,而形容词性物主代词只能做定语。例如:Could you give us a speech next month?Yours is always full of humor.您能给我们做个演讲吗?您的演讲总是很幽默。(yours 是名词性物主

14、代词,主语)I just got my student ID,but they havent got theirs.我刚刚拿到我的学生卡,可他们还没拿到(他们的学生卡)。(my 是形容词性物主代词,定语;theirs 是名词性物主代词,宾语)Whose book is this?Its mine.这是谁的书?是我的(书)。(mine 是名词性物主代词,表语)Her paper is about the writers life background.她的文章是关于作者的生活背景的。(her 是形容词性物主代词,定语)二、语法考点:主谓一致 1.and 的用法 and 连接并列主语时,谓语动词用

15、复数。例如:Both he and I are right.知识改变命运,学习成就未来 Mr.Black and Mrs.Black have a son called Tom.但并列主语如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数,例如:His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.The poet and writer has come.当连接的是两个不可分的东西时,谓语动词用单数,例如:Whisky and soda is my favorite drink.Bread and butter is my favorite snack.由 a

16、nd 连接的并列主语中如果有 each,every,no 修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:Every boy and every girl has a dictionary at hand.Each man and each woman has a dancing partner at the party.In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.2.就近原则:notbut,not only but also,eitheror,,neithernor,there be,here 以

17、上词语连接两个主语时,以离动词最近的主语形式为准,如:Either Mr.Smith or his wife and sons have to face the difficulties.知识改变命运,学习成就未来 There are fourteen chairs and a whiteboard in the meeting room.经典试题:One or more pages are missing.The headmaster or I am going to hand out the papers.3.就远原则:with,along with,together with,inclu

18、ding,except,but,besides,rather than,instead of 以上词语连接两个主语时,以离动词远的主语形式为准,如:The library including 5,000 books was burnt down last night.The teacher rather than the students was wrong.4.集合名词:Family,class,group,team,crew,committee,等 如以上名词作主语时,如果指一个整体,谓语动词就是单数;如果指成员时,谓语动词用复数,如:The class is made up of 40

19、students.5.单独的动名词,不定式,从句,时间,金钱,距离,学科,疾病,组织(专有名词)做主语时,谓语动词用单数,如;Swimming is good for you.Fifty dollars is too much for me.Father gave me a dictionary as a birthday gift,which 知识改变命运,学习成就未来 makes me excited.Physics is really difficult for me to learn.关系代词 关系代词 who,which,that 的考点:I know the girl.The gi

20、rl works in IBM.I know the girl who/that works in IBM.The old man is a famous artist.We visited the old man yesterday.The old man who/that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.The laptop is made by DELL.I bought the laptop last week.The laptop which/that I bought last week is made by DELL.先行词为以下情

21、况,关系代词必须用 that:1.先行词被形容词最高级修饰:He is the hardest-working student that I have ever taught.2.先行词被序数词修饰:He is the first man that finished the work on time.3.先行词被 only,just,the same,next 等词修饰:This is the only dictionary that I have at hand.知识改变命运,学习成就未来 4.先行词本身为不定代词:Is there anything that I can do for yo

22、u?5.先行词中既包含人又包含物:We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.6.正式用法中,先行词是动物的时候 We have to protect whales and sharks that are being threatened by death.表示比较的方法 表示比较的方法在英语里是比较复杂的。除了形容词和副词的比较级和最高级外,还有很多特定的短语和句型表示比较。对于这类考题,考生需熟记公式,记清各公式中的形容词、副词、介词、连词等的搭配,以及其比较的含义。这里就常考

23、的一些比较形式作一个归纳。l)平级比较:这是指在比较的过程中不用形容词或副词的比较级或最高级进行比较,而是用特定句型的肯定或否定式进行比较。as+形容词/副词+as(肯定式,意为:跟一样)not SO(as)+形容词/副词+as(否定式,意为:不如)as+形容词+a/an+单数名词+as as+many/few+可数名词+as as much/little+不可数名词+as 知识改变命运,学习成就未来 the same+名词+as(与一样)This is as interesting a book as the other is.这本书跟另一本一样有意思。Helen cannot come t

24、o visit her mother so often as she hopes.Helen 不可能像她希望的那样经常看望母亲。You can write as many words for your paper as you want.你的文章想写多少字就写多少字。She was born on the same day as I was.她跟我在同一天出生。2)带有 than 的比较:more than.不仅仅,不只是 more A than B 与其说是 B,不如说是 A(否定 B,肯定 A)rather than 宁愿而不愿 would rather+省略 to 的不定式+than+省

25、略 to 的不定式宁愿而不愿 no+形容词比较级+than 都不 He is more a businessman than a professor.他更像是商人,不像教授。The movie is more boring than interesting.这部电影很乏味没意思。I have no more than five dollars.知识改变命运,学习成就未来 我只有 5 美元。He is no taller than Jack.他并不比 Jack 高。(有两个人都不高的含义)l would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema.

26、我宁愿在家看电视而不出去看电影。She enjoys reading at home rather than travelling around.她宁愿在家看书,不愿出游。He paid no less than 200 dollars.他至少付了 200 美元。注意:类似的词组有 prefer A to B 偏爱胜过(肯定 A,否定 B);A+not+比较级+than+B A 不如 B。I prefer watching movie to TV program.我喜欢看电影而不是看电视。He is not taller than Jack.他没有 Jack 高。3)其他比较句型:The+比较

27、级,the+比较级越,越 比较级 and 比较级越来越 Is that true that the higher education you gain the better job you can get?受的教育多就能找到更好的工作吗?知识改变命运,学习成就未来 Winter comes,so it gets colder and colder.冬天来了,所以天气越来越冷。4)倍数的表示法:公式:A is+倍数+名词+of B A 是 B 的倍 A is+倍数+as 十形容词+as B A 是 B 的倍 A is+倍数+比较级+than B A 比 B 大 Your room is twic

28、e as big as mine.你的房间是我的两倍。This street is four times the length of that ode.这条街是那条街的四倍长。This bowl is twice bigger than that olle.这个碗比那个碗大两倍。5)修饰比较级和最高级的副词:修饰比较级:far,a bit,a lot,much,a great deal,rather,any,little 等;修饰最高级:far,very,second,next,much,not quite,by no means 等。This room is a bit larger tha

29、n that one.这个房间比那个房间大一点。I think this is the very best book I have ever read.我认为这是我读过的最好的书了。例题及说明:知识改变命运,学习成就未来 例l:New typewriters cost about price of the second-hand ones.(2004)A.three times the B.a three times C.the three times D.three times a 说明:考查倍数。答案:A。【句子大意】新打字机的价格是二手货的三倍。例 2:l like black coff

30、ee very much.The stronger it is,.(2004)A.I like it better B.the more I like C.the better I like it D.I like it more 说明:考查比较级。答案:C。The more.,the more.越,越。【句子大意】我喜欢不加糖也不加奶油的咖啡,而且越浓越好。形容词和副词 I.要点 A.形容词 1、形容词的用法 形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的,通常在句中作定语、表语知识改变命运,学习成就未来 或宾补,有时还可作状语。如:He is honest and hardworking.I found t

31、he book interesting.某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式。如:The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.The English like to be with their families.多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序:冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如:the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.2、形容词比较等级的形式 (1)规则形式 一般说来

32、,单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er;-est 来构成比较级和最高级;其他双音节词及多音节词在前加 more,most.如:great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest important-more important-(the)most important (2)不规则形式 good(well)-better-best 知识改变命运,学习成就未来 bad(ill)-worse-worst many(much)-more-most little-less-least (3)形容词比较等级的用法 表示两者的比较,用形容词的比较级+than.如:He is

33、cleverer than the other boys.This one is more beautiful than that one.表示两者以上的比较,用the+形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in)如:He is the cleverest boy in his class.表示两者是同等程度,用as+形容词原级+as.如:He is as tall as I.I have as many books as you.越越 例如:The more I learn,the happier I am.You can never be too careful.越小心越好 又如:You can

34、never praise the teacher too highly.你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。I have never spent a more worrying day.那一天是最令我担心的一天。I have never had a better dinner.这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。知识改变命运,学习成就未来 My English is no better than yours.我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。B.副词 1、副词的种类 (1)时间副词如:ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow 等 (2)地点副词如

35、:here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside 等。(3)方式副词如:carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously 等。(4)程度副词如:almost,nearly,much,greatly,a bit,a little,hardly,so,very 等。2、副词比较等级的用法 其用法与形容词相似,只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如:Of all the boys he sings(the)most beautifully.We must work

36、 harder.3、某些副词在用法上的区别 (1)already,yet,still already 表示某事物已经发生,主要用于肯定句;yet 表示期知识改变命运,学习成就未来 待某事发生,主要用于否定句和疑问句;still 表示某事还在进行,主要用于肯定句和疑问句,有时也可用于否定句。如:Weve already watched that film.I havent finished my homework yet.He still works until late every night.(2)too,as well,also,either too,as well 和 also 用于肯定

37、句和疑问句,too 和 as well多用于口语,一般放在句末,而 also 多用于书面语,一般放在句中与动词连用。either 用于否定句和否定的疑问句,往往放在句末。如:He went there too.He didnt go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.(3)hard,hardly hardly 意为几乎与 hard 在词义上完全不同。如:I work hard every day.I can hardly remember that.(4)late,lately lately 意为最近、近来,late 意为晚、迟

38、。如:He never comes late.Have you been to the museum lately?例 1 Toms father thinks he is already _ 知识改变命运,学习成就未来 A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall 解析:该题正确答案是 B。修饰人高用 tall,而建筑物的高用 high,并且 enough 修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选 B。例 2 _ the worse I seem to be.A When I take more medicine B The m

39、ore medicine I take C Taking more of the medicine D More medicine taken 解析:该题正确答案为 B。the+形容词比较级+,the+形容词比较级+意为越,越。该句意为:吃的药越多,我的病越是加重。例 3I havent been to London yet.I havent been there _.A too B also C either D neither 解析:该题正确答案为 C。A 和 B 都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定两者都不,而 C-either 则用于否定句中,意为也。例 4 Mr Smith

40、 was _ moved at the news.A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply 解析:该题正确答案为 B。A.deep 用于副词时,修饰具体的知识改变命运,学习成就未来 深,如 dig deep,而 B-deeply 则修饰表示感情色彩的词,如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词,不能互相修饰。数词 一、数词的分类:数词分为序数词(one,two,three,four)、基数词(first,second,third,fourth)和分数词(one third,two th

41、irds,four fifths)。表示单一的数词与单数名词连用,但有些数词和名词连用,表示复数时仍用单数形式。four dozen eggs(四十八个鸡蛋),two score people(四十个人),three hundred years(三百年),a few thousand horses(好几千匹马),eight million pounds(八百万英磅)。注意:被这些数词修饰的名词一定是复数,反过来,如果被修 饰 的 名 词 是 复 数,那 么 就 用 数 词 的 单 数 形 式,如 a(one)thousand years。二、关于“千”百“百万”的数词:如果“hundred”、

42、“thousand”和“million”前边没有表示数字和其他限定词修饰时(如“a few”、“one”、“ten”等),则可用复数形式,表示不定数,后面再加“of+名词”:hundreds of(数以百计的),thousands and thousands of(成千上万的),millions of(数以百万计的)三、关于连字符连接的数词:在连字符连接的“数词+普通名词+形容词”中,“数词”和“普通名词”都要用单数形式。a three year old girl,a three mile long walk 知识改变命运,学习成就未来 四、基数词中表示“几十”的复数形式可以表达人的岁数或年代

43、。He is in his late twenties.他快 30 了。五、分数词:分数词是由基数词和序数词组成的,分子是基数词,分母是序数词。除了表示“1”以外,分母序数词都用复数。六、百分数:表示百分比的 percent 用单数,如 ninty percent(90%)。时间状语从句 (1)when,as,while a)when 表示“当时”。when 引出的时间状语从句,其中的动词既可以是延续性动作的动词,也可以是瞬间性动作动词。可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如:When you apply for a job,you must prese

44、nt your credentials.当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。(同时)When the students heard the teaches footsteps,they all stopped talking.当学生们听到老师的脚步声时,他们都停止了说话。(从句动作发生在前)when 还可以表示 just then(正在那时)的意思,此时其引导的从句只放在主句之后。知识改变命运,学习成就未来 如:we were about to start when it began to rain.我们正要动身,突然下起雨来。b)while 表示“在期间”或“在某一段时间里”,其所引导的

45、从句的动作是延续性的,并侧重表示和主句动作的同时发生。如:While the teacher paraphrased the text in English,the students listened attentively and took notes.当老师用英语阐释课文时,同学们注意地听并且做着笔记。The door bell rang while I was watching TV.我正在看电视的时候门铃响了。while 还可以做并列连词,相当于 whereas,连接一个表示对比的并列分句。如:Mary was dressed in blue while Jane was dresse

46、d in red.玛丽穿蓝色的衣服,而珍妮穿红色的衣服。c)as 表示“当时”或“一边一边”。他引导的时间状语从句的动作也是延续性的,并且侧重主句动作和从句动作的同时发生。如:As the students walked to their dorms,they sang happily.学生们一边往宿舍走,一边快乐的唱着歌。(2)whenever,each time,every time 任何时候;每当 如:Whenever/Every time/Each time I met her,she was studying.我每次看见她时,她总是在学习。知识改变命运,学习成就未来 (3)since

47、(自从),ever since(从那时起一直到现在)since,ever since 引导的从句通常用一般过去时,主句中的谓语动词用完成时。如:We have never met since we graduated from the college.我们自从大学毕业后就没有见过面。(4)before(在之前),after(在之后)before 引导的从句一般表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前,如从句是过去时,主句一般要用过去完成时。after 引导的从句,表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后,如主句是过去时,从句一般用过去完成时。如:I had written my dissertation b

48、efore my supervisor went abroad.在导师出国之前,我已完成了我的学位论文。After the boy had finished his homework,he played football with his friends.这个小男孩在完成作业后,和他的小伙伴们踢了一会球。(5)till,until 如果主句的谓语动词是延续性动词,就常用肯定式表示“直到为止”如:He will remain in college until(till)he finished his Ph.D course.他将留在学校里面直到完成他的博士学位课程。如果主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词,

49、就常用否定表示“直知识改变命运,学习成就未来 到才”如:I will not go with you until(till)I finish my homework.等我做完作业我才和你一起去。(6)as soon as,immediately,directly,once,the moment,no soonerthan,hardlywhen 等引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生了。即“一就”。如:As soon as we got home,the telephone rang.我们一到家,电话就响了。注:no soonerthan,hardlywhen 引导的从句,主句

50、中的动词用过去完成时,从句用过去时。且 no sooner,hardly位于句首,要倒装主句的主谓。He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.他一到家,就又要出另一次差。No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another jouney.情态动词 情态动词有:can(能),may(可以),must(必须),have to(不得不),ought to(应该),dare(敢),used to(过去经常),ha

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