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1、 第 1 页 共 10 页 Sunday,April 21,2013 1 定 语 从 句 复 习 提 纲（2012）（教师版）定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。一，只用 that 不用 which的情况 1，当先行词是all,little,few,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none 等不定代词时。如：Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.I will tell him all that you t
2、old me at the ball.2，当先行词被 only,any,few,little,no,all,just,very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。例如：The only thing that we could do was to wait.Thats the very thing that we can do.3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.This is the best novel that I have ever read.4、被
3、修饰词为数词时。例如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive.5、主句是 There be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句宜用 that 作关系代词修饰物。例句：Theres still a room that is free.6、先行词中同时包括人和物时。例如：We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.He asked about the fac
4、tories and workers that he had visited.7、当主句中有 who,which 时，而定语从句中也要用到 who 或 which 时，为了避免 whowho,whichwhich 等重叠，定语从句要用that 引导。例如：Who is the man that is standing by the door?Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?8、人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用 that 引导定语从句，而 that 通常也可以省略。例如：He is no longer the man t
5、hat he was.二，修饰物时只用 which不用 that 的情况 1，引导非限制性定语从句时。例如：Bamboo is hollow,which makes it light.2，当关系词前有介词时。例如：This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.3、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了 that,另一个宜用 which。例如：Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.4、当关系
6、代词后面有插入语时。例如：Here is the English grammar which,as I have told you,will help improve your English.5、先行词为 that 时。例如：The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。三，修饰人时只用 who 不用 that 的情况 1、先行词为one,ones,anyone,those 指代人时。如：The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.2、
7、在 There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词 who 指代人。例如：Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.3、当先行词有较长的后置定语时。例如：I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.4、一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是 that,另一个宜用 who 以避免重复。例如：The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the mo
8、nitor who is very modest and works very hard.注意：当关系代词前面有介词时，只能用 whom。例如：The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.四、way 在定语从句作先行词的用法 当先行词为 way，关系词在从句中作状语时，定语从句的引导词可用 in which,that 或省略引导词。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用 which 或 that 引导。如:This is the way(that/in which)I do such things.比较:P
9、lease do the experiment in the way（that/which）I have shown you.I dont like the way（that/in which）he looks at me.The way _that/in which/不填_he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.The way _that/which/不填_he explained to us was quite simple.What surprised me was not what he said
10、but _ he said it.（04 湖北）A.the way B.in the way that C.in the way D.the way which 五、在定语从句中作状语的关系副词 when,where,why 的用法 1、先行词为时间名词，可用 when 引导定语从句，when 在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which 或that 引导，which 或 that 在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:I still remember the day when/on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）Next month,when you will
11、be in your hometown,is just around the corner.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.I still remember the days when（=on which）we lived together.I still remember the days which/that we spent together.（作宾语）Next winter which/that youll spend in Harbin,Im sure,will be exciting.2、先行词是地点名词，定语从
12、句可用 where 引导，where 在从句中做状语；还可用 which 或 that 引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:This is the factory where/in which he worked last year.（作状语）The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.第 2 页 共 10 页 Sunday,April 21,2013 2 I think you have got to the p
13、oint where a change is needed,or you would fail.Government reports,legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used.Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where hes likely to lose control of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last
14、month lies in what/the place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last year.（作宾语）Not having been there before,he simply had no idea about the place,which everyone says is worth visiting.如果定语从句分别修饰 point,situation,part,condition 和 case 等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某
15、种境况中”（前提是从句中缺少状语）。“from where”中的 where 是关系代词，可以引导定语从句。例如：She stood near the north window,from where she could see the whole garden.(=through which)He climbed up to the top of the temple,from where he could see nothing but trees.Thats the place from where the river branches out.3、先行词是表示原因的名词 reason 时
16、,可以用 why 引导定语从句，why 在定语从句中作原因状语，可用 for which 替代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用 which 或 that 引导。如：The reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.（作状语）Can you tell me the reason why(=for which)you didnt finish your homework?I dont believe the reason(that/which)he gave me.（作宾语）Have you as
17、ked him the reason that may explain his success?（作主语）比较 He was late.Thats because he got up late.He got up late.Thats why he was late.(表语从句)六、whose 引导的定语从句 whose 引导定语从句时，其先行词可以指人，也可以指物，当先行词指物时，可以用“the+名词+of which”或者“of which the+名词”代替“whose+名词”结构。例如：He studies in a school whose buildings(=the buildi
18、ngs of which)are built on top of a hill.七、as 作关系代词引导的定语从句 1、引导限制性定语从句。在主句中常有 the same,so 或 such 与 as 相呼应,（the same as;the same as；such as;so as）as 在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、主语补足语等。as 引出的定语从句带有比较意义，从句常常只写出比较部分，但as 本身不可省略。例如：He used such expressions as he could find in the texts.They stayed for the night in the s
19、ame room as they had once rented.Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Dont do such things as you are not sure about.There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.比较：(1)Here is so big
20、a stone as no one can lift.（定语从句）It is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）(2)He is such a person as everybody likes.He is such a person that everybody likes him.(3)This is so touching a story as I have read three times.This is so touching a story that I have read it three times.注意：在 the
21、same后也可用 that 引导定语从句，但含义有所不同。that 引出的从句，指的是与先行词同一的事物，而 as 引导的从句指的是与先行词同类的事物。例如：This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.I live in the same house that he used to live in.Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.2、引导非限制性定语从句。指主句的全部或部分内容。常译为“正如”“就像”等，定语
22、从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后。as 后常接 expect,know,report,expect,point out，say,see 等动词的主、被动语态。As we all know,smoking is harmful to ones health.(as 作宾语)=As is known to all,smoking is harmful to ones health.（as 作主语）=Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health.（主语从句）或:Smoking is harmful to ones health,as
23、we all know.（as 作宾语）或:Smoking,as we all know,is harmful to one health.He was a foreigner,as I knew from his accent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.He wasnt unconscious,as could be judged from his eyes.注意：as,which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1）、都可以代整个主句，相当于
24、 and this 或 and that.2）、as 从句可放在句首，而 which 从句不能。3）、as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；如果为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.例如：It rained hard yesterday,which prevented me from going to the park.八、of 短语作为定语从句的先行词的情况“one of the+复数名词”这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词，通常用复数形式，与定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。但如果“one of the+复数名词”这一结构前面带有 th
25、e/only/the only之类的限定语，从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，此时从句在意义上修饰的是 the one.例如：Tom is one of the boys who were late that morning.汤姆是那天早晨迟到的男生之一。Tom is the(only/the only)one of the boys who was late that morning.汤姆是那天早上唯一迟到的男生。He is the only one of the students who D a winner of scholarship for three years.A.is B.are
26、C.have been D.has been 【2002 春上海】九，被分隔的定语从句 定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句。一般说来，定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种：在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。第 3 页 共 10 页 Sunday,April 21,2013 3 如：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。如：Do you remember one afte
27、rnoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后。如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.十，“介词+关系代词”考点分析 总的说来,选择介词不外乎三条:一是根据句子意思表达的需要,二是根据从句中动词或形容词与介词的习惯搭配,三是根据先行词和介词的习惯搭配。1.考查定语从句中谓语部分
28、的搭配习惯(1)看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配 The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.注：有一些介词为固定搭配的一部分，此时它们的位置应注意。如：The boy(whom)my sister is looking after is getting bet
29、ter.不能说成：The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.(2)看定语从句中形容词或分词与介词的搭配 He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.2.考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯 这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。如：This is our classroom,in the front of which there is a teachers desk.Ill never forget the day on whi
30、ch she said goodbye to me.3，考查根据句意确定介词 Tom,by whom the window was broken,has been criticized by his teacher.I am looking for my glasses,without which I cant watch TV clearly.4.考查表示所属关系的 of which whom On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence,the meaning of which I dont understand.5.考查表示整体与部分关系的
31、of which whom I have five English dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.The buses,most of which were already full,were surrounded by an angry crowd.I met the fruit-pickers,several of whom were university students.6.考查表示同位关系的 of which whom Her sons,both of whom work abroad,rang her up
32、this morning.高考中部分定语从句中“介词+关系代词”结构。01.Eric received training in computer for one year,_B_ he found a job in a big company.(辽宁)A.after that B.after which C.after it D.after this 02.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _B_ they can be controlled on purpose.(重庆)A.with whi
33、ch B.to which C.of which D.for which 03.It is reported that two schools,_D_ are being built in my hometown,will open next year.(四川)A.they both B.which both C.both of them D.both of which 04.Last week,only two people came to look at the house,_D_ wanted to buy it(安徽)A.none of them B.both of whom C.no
34、ne of whom D.neither of whom 05.He was educated at the local high school,_A_ he went on to Beijing University.(江苏)A.after which B.after that C.in which D.in that 06.She was educated at Beijing University,_A_ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.(全国 II)A.after which B.from which C.from that
35、D.after that 07.We saw several natives advancing towards our party,and one of them came up to us _B_ we gave some bells and glasses.(湖南)A.to which B.to whom C.with whom D.with which 08.I was given three books on cooking,the first _B_ I really enjoyed.(浙江)A.of that B.of which C.that D.which 09.I saw
36、a woman running toward me in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction _D_ she had come.(重庆)A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which 十一，定语从句与其他结构的比较 1，与强调句型的区别。判断强调句型的关键在于把强调结构“It is/was that”去掉后，主句的意思和结构是完整的。1，It was about 600 years ago A the first clock w
37、ith a face and an hour hand was made.A.that B.until C.before D.when 【1997】2，It was an exciting moment for those football fans this year,D for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.【2000 春北京】A.that B.while C.which D.when 3，This is the library _I borrowed the book.4，It is from this libr
38、ary _I borrowed the book.5，-Where did you last see Mr.Smith?-It was in the hotel_ I lived.2，that 引导的限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别。区别在于：定语从句对先行词起着修饰、限定作用；而同位语从句对先行词起着解释、说明的作用。引导词 that 在从句中的作用不同。在定语从句中，that 既起连接作用，又须在定语从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语等。而在同位语从句中，that 只起连接作用，不充当句子成分。翻译方法不同。限制性定语从句通常翻译成“的”，而同位语从句通常翻译成“即”,也可用冒号或破折号表示
39、。6，Theres a feeling in me A we will never know what a UFO isnot ever.【2002 春上海】A.that B.which C.of which D.what 7，We all have heard the news_ our team won.第 4 页 共 10 页 Sunday,April 21,2013 4 8，We dont believe in the news _ he told us yesterday.9，The news _ he told us was very exciting.10，He told us
40、the news _ our team had won the game.3，与表语从句的区别 11，The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be_ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.（05 江苏）A.which;where B.at which;which C.at which;where D.which;in which 4，与状语从句的区别。状语从句通常是没有先行词的，整个从句在复合句中作时间、地点或原因等状语。而定语从句是对先行词起修饰限定或解释说明作用的。12，Why d
41、o you want a new job D youve got such a good one already?【1998】A.that B.where C.which D.when 13，After the war,a new school building was put up B there had once been a theatre.【1997】A.that B.where C.which D.when 5，与 while 或 when 引导的并列句的区别。when 引导并列句时，意思是“这时”，相当于 and then或 and at that time.while 引导一个并
42、列句时，意思是“然而”，表示“对比”或“转折”。14，She thought I was talking about her daughter,D,in fact,I was talking about my daughter.A.whom B.where C.which D.while 【1995】该题，根据句意，这里应是“然而”之意，故选 D.6，定语从句与简单句等的区别。如果两个句子之间是分号，或有 and，but，so 等连接词，则这两个句子为两个并列句；如果两个句子之间是逗号，且没有上述的连接词，则这两个句子之间就是主从关系，须有一个引导词引导定语从句。尤其值得注意的是，逗号后面也许
43、根本就不是一个句子，而只是一个同位语。15，Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,B I will always treasure.【2002】A.that B.one C.it D.what 16，They have more than 100 books;most of D are English.A,which B,that C,whose D,them 对比练习 1.We should go to the place _we are most needed.2.We should go to
44、 the place_ needs us most.A.it B.where C.that D.what 1.It was October _we met in Dalian for the first time.2.It was in October _we met in Dalian for the first time.A.that B.which C.when D.while 1.He is such a good teacher_ we all like him.2.He is such a good teacher_ we all like.A.whom B.that C.as D
45、.which The news came_1_ the British Queens mother celebrated her 101th birthday in good health,_2_ isnt surprising,because she lives an easy life and gets the best medical care.A.that;which B.which;which C.that;that D.when;as A modern city has been set up in the place_ was a wasteland ten years ago.
46、（04 天津）A.what B.which C.it D.where _ is known to everybody,the earth is round._the earth is round is known to everybody._ is known to everybody that the earth is round.A.That B.It C.As D.What All _ I need is a good rest.You know _ I need is a good rest.A.what B.all what C.that D.which Mr Smith is on
47、e of those foreigners who_ working in China.Mr Smith is the only one of those foreigners who _ working in China.A.is B.has C.have D.are Pisa is a city,_ has a leaning tower.Pisa is a city,_ there is a leaning tower.A.which B.that C.where D.there 7，定语从句与非谓语动词的转换 The new building that is being built i
48、s our new library.The new building that was built last year is our new library.The new building that will be built next year is our new library.We will study in the house facing south.The question discussed yesterday is very important.The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.比较 On the
49、way to the Beirut,we saw many refugees,A some luggage on their shoulders.A,all carrying B,all carried C,all were carrying D,who carrying Not far from the club there was a garden,D owner seated in it playing bridge with his children.A,whose B,that C,which D,its 十二，定语从句易犯错误（一）、在定语从句中加了多余的宾语。如：1误：Some
50、of the boys I invited them didnt come 正：Some of the boys I invited didnt come 2误：The book that you need it is in the library 正：The book that you need is in the library （二）、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如：1 误：Anyone who break the law will be punished 正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished 2误：Those who has f