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1、句子成分及根本句型【句子的成分】 在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语直接宾语、间接宾语、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。一主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么或“是谁。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如： 1Lucy is a beautiful nurse. 名词作主语 2He reads newspapers every day. 代词作主语 3Smoking is harmful to the health. 动名词作主语 4To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.不定式作主语 5What we
2、 should do is not yet decided. 主语从句作主语二谓语 说明主语“做什么“是什么或“怎么样。谓语谓语局部里主要的词必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如：His parents are teachers. 系动词和表语一起作谓语 We study hard. 行为动词作谓语 We dont finish reading the book. 助动词和行为动词一起作谓语 He can speak English. 情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语三宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明
3、主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.名词作宾语 She saysthatshe is ill.宾语从句作动词宾语 We often help him.代词作宾语 He likes to play basketball.不定式作宾语 We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。动名词短语作宾语 说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词
4、宾语。 说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语指物，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, show给看，bring, pass, buy等。如：1Our teacher tells us a story. 2The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to或“for。间接宾语前加“to的有： give, show, send, bring, read
5、, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise容许, refuse拒绝等。间接宾语加“for的有：make, buy, do, get, play, order命令, sing, pay等 1I give him a book. 改成： 2He passes me the book.他将书递给我。 改成： 3He writes me a letter. 改成： 4He will buy me some books. 改成： 5She is making me a cake. 改成： 四宾语补足语 在宾语后面补充说明宾
6、语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如：They make her happy.形容词 I see her dance.不定式 Well help you to make the Olympics a success.名词 Please let him in.副词 We heard her singing a song.分词短语五表语 表语说明主语“是什么或者“怎么样，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如：I am a teach
7、er.名词 He is always happy.形容词 They are on the playground now.介词短语 It gets cold.形容词 Be动词am，is，are, was, were系动词 表保持keep, stay, remain 表改变get， become， turn 感官动词feel，sound听起来，seem/look看起来，taste尝起来，smell闻起来如：It sounds interesting.sound为系动词，interesting为表语 We should all remain careful. Remain为系动词， careful为
8、表语 六定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如：The black bike is mine.形容词 Whats your name代词 They make paper flowers.名词 说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语在不定代词后面。 如：I tell him something interesting. 形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语 He has s
9、omething to do. to do为不定式作后置定语 说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。七状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。 如：He did it carefully.副词 We often help him.副词 Her mother goes out to do so
10、me shopping on Sunday.介词短语 When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.从句作时间状语 He sits there.副词地点状语【简单句的五种根本句型】 A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓) 如：The sun rises. 太阳升起来。 The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。 rise和stop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。 B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾) 如：I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book. C. 主语+
11、系动词+表语(主系表) 如：Her brother is a driver. We feel happy.feel为系动词，表示感到 It gets dark.天黑了。get为系动词，表示变得 Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。look为系动词，表示看上去，看起来 D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语直接宾语、间接宾语(主谓+直宾+间宾) 如：He gives Tom a present.双宾语 他给汤姆一件礼物。 Mother make a new dress for me.双宾语 妈妈为我做了一件衣服。 E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补) 如：They cal
12、l her Mary.宾补 他们叫她Mary。 We make our classroom clean and tidy.宾补 我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。 He always makes us laugh.宾补 他总使我们笑。例题写出划线局部的句子成分。 1. Lily is cleaning the desk now. 2. Her garden is the best in our town. 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old. 4. I like this book very much. 5. The girl on the blue bike is
13、Janes sister. 6. She didnt come to my party because she was ill. 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to the Childrens Palace once a week. 9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good. 11. His name is Paul. 12. We always go to school early.课后练习(一) 挑出以下句中的宾语My brotherdoesntdohi
14、s homework.A B C DPeoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish. A B C D You must paygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation. A B C D How many newwordsdoyoulearn A B C D Some of thestudentsin the school wantto go swimming,howaboutyou A B C D(二) 挑出以下句中的表语 The old manisfeelingverytired. A B C D Why isheworriedaboutJim
15、A B C DTheleaveshaveturnedyellow. A B C D SoonTheyallbecome interestedin the subject. A B C D Sheisthe firstto learnabout it. A B C D(三) 挑出以下句中的定语 TheyuseMr. Mrs. with thefamilyname. A B C DWhatisyourgivenname A B C D On thethirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3. A B C D I amafraidsomepeopleforgotto sweepth
16、e floor. A B C DThe mandownstairswastryingto sleep.A B C D四) 挑出以下句中的宾语补足语 Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room.A B C D Heasksherto take the boyout of school.A B C D Shefinditdifficultto do the work. A B C D TheycallmeLilysometimes. A B C DIsawMr. Wangget on the bus.A B
17、C D(五) 挑出以下句中的状语Thereisa big smileon her face. A B C DEvery nightheheardthe noiseupstairs. A B C D Hebeganto learnEnglishwhen he was eleven.A B C DThe manon the motorbikeis travellingto fast.A B C DWith the medicine box under her arm,MissLihurried off. A B C D(六) 划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语 Please tell us a s
18、tory. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Does he leave any message for me典型例题答案一.写出划线局部的句子成分。 1. 主，谓，宾，状2. 定，状 3. 表4. 谓，宾，状 5. 定，定6. 谓，状 7. 谓，宾，状8. 谓，状 9. 表10. 表 11. 定，表12. 状，状课后练习(三) D D B A B (四) D B D C B(五) C C A B B (六) C C C C D (七) D A D D A (八) us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语