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1、虚拟语气1）概念虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个假设，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。2）虚拟语气在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。真实条件句提出的假设完全可以实现，用陈述语气；非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实现可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用1.对现在情况的假设：表示现在实际上并不存在的情况If+主语+动词过去式（be的过去式用were）,主语+should(would/could/might)+ve.g.If Chairman Mao were alive,how happy he would be to
2、see the great achievements of China!If all of you stood on the platform,it would collapse.Translate:如果人们开车开慢点，就不会有这么多交通事故。Ifpeopledrovemoreslowly,therewouldntbesomanyaccidents.2.对过去情况的假设：表示过去与事实相反的事情If+主语+had+过去分词,主语+should(would/could/might)+have+过去分词e.g.If the doctor had been available,the child w
3、ould have been saved.If I had not studied hard,I would have failed in the exam.Translate:如果你没有开着窗睡觉的话，你就不会感冒了。Ifyouhadntsleptwiththewindowopen,youwouldnthavecaughtacold.3.对将来情况的假设：表示将来实现可能性不大的情况If+subject+动词过去式（be的过去式用were）/should+v/wereto+v,subject+should(would/could/might)+ve.g.If it should rain t
4、omorrow,we would stay at home.If I were to go to the moon some day,I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes.Translate:如果明天太阳不会升起来，我们该怎么办？Ifthesunwerenottorisetomorrow,whatshouldwedo?Note:1.Ifit(be)notfor是常见的虚拟条件的句型，意思是“要不是”，相当于butfor/withoutIfitwerenotfortheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldno
5、tbelivingahappylifetoday.Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldnothaveachievedsomuchinourwork.2.连词if的省略在正式文体中，有时可以把虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将were,had,should等动词（不包括实义动词）提到主语前面去。Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.=Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.=Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhaveme
6、thim.Ifitshouldrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.3.含蓄条件句假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示，而是隐含在一个有介词without,butfor,butthat等引导的短语中，或有连词but,副词otherwise,以及比较级等表示的上下文中1.Withoutelectricty,therewouldbenomodernindustry.2.Butforyourcooperation,wecouldnothavesucceededinourexperiment.3.Butthatshew
7、asafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.4.Iwouldbemostgladtohelpyou,butImbusynow.5.Amorecarefulpersonwouldnthavemadesomanymistakes.4.“should+v”的用法这一部分主要是有关坚持、命令、建议、要求等的相关从句，包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句以及以之相关的形式主语宾语之类的从句。这一部分的词主要有常见的动词有insist（坚持），order,command，decree（命令）,suggest,advise,recommend,prefer,propose,move,vo
8、te（建议）,ask,require,demand,request,urge（要求），以及相关名词等等。e.g.Thegeneralordered(that)allthesoldiers(should)leave.Hegivesordersthatthesoldiers(should)leave.Note:suggest,insist等有双重含义动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。
9、比较：HeinsistedthatIhadreadhisletter.他坚持说我看过他的信。HeinsistedthatIshouldreadhisletter.他坚持要我看他的信。与动词与动词insist相似，动词相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未情况尚未成为事实成为事实，则用用虚拟语气虚拟语气，此时，此时suggest通常译通常译为为“建议建议”；若谓语；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成情况为既成事实，则要用事实，则要用陈述语气陈述语气，此时的suggest通
10、常译译为为“表明表明”、“认为认为”。比较并体会：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)stayfordinner.他建议我们留下吃饭。Whathesaidsuggestedthathewasacheat.他说的话表明他是个骗子。主语从句的虚拟语气主要体现在It做形式主语的2种情况：1.Its+adj.+that常用的形容词advisable,appropriate,desirable,demanded,essential,fitting,insistent,important,imperative,impossible,necessary,vital,obligatory,ord
11、ered,proper,preferable,required,urgent等，2.Its+n.+that常用的名词decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution,duty,pity,nosurprise,nowonder,shame,regret等。Itsdemandedthatallthestudentsshouldgototheplayground.Itsapitythatyoushouldrefusetheinvitation.5.虚拟语气在特殊句式中的运用.wouldrather,Itstime,forf
12、earthatII.wish+clause;asif/though+clause;Ifonlywouldrather在使用时要注意它的不同用法。因为本身wouldrather可以直接接动词原形，构成wouldratherdosth.(thandosth.else);或者woulddosth.ratherthandosth.else.而虚拟语气的wouldrather是这样使用的wouldrathersb.did(对现在或将来的假设)/haddone(对过去的假设)Iwouldratherhedidntgonow.Theywouldrathertheyhadntattendedtheparty.
13、Its(about)(high)time(that).从句中常用过去式(或用shoulddo,should不可省),含建议的意思。汉语的意思为“是该做的时候了”，也等于Itstimeforsb.todosth.Itshightime(that)wewenthome.Itshightime(that)weshouldgohome.Itshightimeforustogohome.由lest（以免；免得），incase（以防）和forfearthat（生怕，唯恐）引导的目的状语从句中，用“should+动词原形其谓语部分should可以省略。Iwillnotmakeanoiseforfeartha
14、tI(should)disturbyou.wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句虚拟的是哪一时间段后，按时间顺序后退一步处理从句谓语动词的时态。II.虚拟语气在wish从句中的应用1)从句动作与谓语wish同时存在的情况：wishthat+subject+v-edIwishIwereasyoungasyou.Translate:我希望他知道这个答案。Iwishthatheknewtheanswer.2)从句动作先于谓语wish存在的情况：wishthat+subject+had+p.p.Iwishthathehadnotmades
15、omanymistakes.Translate:但愿他们那天没有迟到。Iwishthattheyhadnotbeenlatethatday.3)从句动作发生谓语wish之后的情况wishthat+subject+would/could/should/might+vIwishthattherainwouldstop.Translate:要是你能来就好了。Iwishthatyoucouldcome.ifonly(要是就好了)，asif/asthough（好像，似乎）,用虚拟语气，其用法与wish相同Ifonlyhecouldcome!Ifonlyyouhadntoffendedhim!Hebehavedasifnothinghadhappened.