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1、英语六级考试必备资料-英语语法形容词与副词来源：普特英语形容词1.1 什么是形容词形容词(adjective)是修饰名词表示名词属性的词，常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：a lovely baby一个可爱的婴儿the beautiful picture那幅美丽的图画modern history现代历史1.2 形容词的用法形容词在句中可用作：1)定语He is a good boy.他是个好孩子。The Chinese Communist Party is a great party.中国共产党是伟大的党。2)表语The film is both moving and instructive.这部
2、电影很感动人，而且富有教育意义。I am very glad to see you.见到你很高兴。3)宾语补足语 和宾语一起构成复合宾语。如：Have you got everything ready for the journey? 你行装都准备好了吗?We keep our rooms clean and tidy.我们经常保持房间的整洁。4)相当于名词 某些形容词前用定冠词the，变成名词化的形容词，可在句中作主语、宾语等。如：The young are active.青年人积极好动。(the young作主语)The blind can learn to read with their
3、 fingertips. 盲人能够用指尖学习阅读书籍。(the blind作主语)He has a keen sense of the new.他对新鲜事物有敏锐的感觉。(the new作宾语)注一 上述三例中的the young = the young people，the blind the Blind people，the new the new things.注二在The sun rose red(旭日升起)中的形容词red和Dont marry young(不要早婚)中的形容词young都是主语补足语。1.3 形容词的位置形容词常放在它所修饰的名词之前。关于形容词有时可以后置的问题(
4、见16.18)，但如有一个以上的形容词修饰名词，这些形容词的顺序则由它们和被修饰名词的关系的密切程度来决定。一般说来，关系最密切的最*近被修饰的名词，关系较疏远的离被修饰的名词也较远。如：a large wild plant一株很大的野生植物a simple musical instrument一种简单的乐器a small fierce dark brown animal一种小而凶的深褐色动物(注意dark修饰brown)以上例子中的形容词之间并非并列关系，如第一例中的1arge与wild并非并列，而1arge所修饰的是wild plant。如表并列关系，形容词之间须用逗号或and。如：a s
5、trong, swift horse一匹又壮又快的马many happy and healthy children很多幸福而健康的儿童a short and militant article一篇简短有力的文章(militant一词较长，放在short之后，这也是英语里安排形容词位置的一种方法。)形容词的比较等级及其形式英语形容词比较等级(degrees of comparison)一般有两个：即比较级(comparative degree)和最高级 (superlative degree)。不用比较等级的形容词通常称为原级(positive degree)。形容词的比较级形式是：形容词 + 后
6、缀 -er 或单词 more + 形容词。它的最高级形式是：形容词 + 后缀 -est 或单词 most + 形容词。注一 形容词比较等级所加的-er和-est，自成一个音节，分别读作E和isto 如：原级 比较级 最高级tall tC:l taller5tC:lE tallest5tC:listhappy 5hApi happier5hApiE happiest5hApiistthin Win thinner 5WinE thinnest 5Winistfine fain finer 5fainE finest 5fainist注二 如果形容词原级的词末为不发音的字母r，加-er和-est时
7、，r要发r音。如：near niE nearer 5niErE nearest5niEristclear kliE clearer5kliErE clearest 5kiErist如果形容词原级词末的发音为N，在加-er和-est时，N音后得加一个g音。如：strong strCN stronger 5strCNgE strongest 5strCNgistlong lCN longer 5lCNgE longest 5lCNgist注三 有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如：right, wrong，woolen，wooden.不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good好we11好，健康的 bette
8、r bestbad 坏，差 worse worstmany 多 more mostmuch 多little 小，少 1ess 1eastfar 远 farther，further farthest，furthest形容词前如加1ess和least，则表示较不和最不。如：interesting有趣 difficult 难less interesting 较无趣 less difficult 较不难least interesting 最无趣 leas difficult最不难1.4 形容词比较级的用法比较级用于二者的比较，其结构是：含有形容词比较级的主句+从属连词 than 引导的从句（从句中常省
9、去意义上和主句相同的部分）。如：Li is older than Zhou. 李比周年纪大。(从句中省去了is old)There are more children in this nursey than in that one.这个托儿所的孩子比那个托儿所多。(从句中省去了 there are children)After two years physical training，she is healthier and stronger.经过两年的体力锻炼，她(比以前)健康强壮多了。(注意这里省去了从句than she was)We are much better off than eve
10、r before.我们的生活比过去任何时候都要好得多。(than后省去了we were)Paul weighs less than harry.保尔的体重比哈利轻。Mary is less clever than Jane.玛丽不如简那么聪明。注一 汉语可以说昆明的气候比兰州好。英语必须加that，译为：The climate of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou.注二英语比较级常译作较、一些等，但不等于汉语的更。汉语的更须用still或even来表示如：This book is even more difficult than that one.
11、这本书比那本书更难。注三有些情况下，汉语不用较等字眼，英语则须用比较级，如：Will the younger people give their seats to old people?请年轻人把座位让给老年人好不好?1.5 形容词最高级的用法形容词最高级用于二者以上的比较，其结构一般是：定冠词the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。如：Peter is the oldest boy of them all.彼得是这群男孩中年纪最大的。(介语短语of them all表示范围)London is the biggest city in Britain，伦敦是英国最大的城市。(介词短语
12、in Britain表示范围)Mt. Qomolangma is the Worlds highest peak。珠穆朗玛峰是世界最高峰。 (注意这里表示范围的是名词所有格 the worlds)This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。(that在口语中一般省略，that从句表示范围)注一形容词最高级后的名词如果在前面已提过，可省去。如：This novel is the best (that) I have ever read.这是我所看过的小说中最好的一本。注二在口语中，形容词最高级也可以用于二者的比较。如：Th
13、is is the shortest of the two roads.这是两条路中最近的一条路。注三 形容词最高级用作表语表品质时，其前不用定冠词the。如：He is happiest when he is working.他工作时最愉快。副词2.1什么是副词副词(adverb)修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如：often往往，here这里，very很，quickly很快地。2.2副词的构成1)本身就是副词，如now现在，there那里，rather颇。2)由形容词加词尾-1y变来，如firmly坚决地，happi1y幸福地。3)与形容词同形early a
14、dj. 早的 early adv. 早high adj. 高的 high adv. 高高地long adj. 长的，长久的long adv. 长久地2.3副词的种类副词可分为下列几种：1)普通副词(ordinary adverb)如：together一起，well好，seriously认真地，slowly慢，carefully小心地。2)疑问副词(interrogative adverb)如：when何时，where何地，how如何，why为何。3)关系副词(relative adverb)如：where，when。4)连接副词(conjunctive adverb)如：then然后，so所以
15、，thereore所以，however然而，hence所以，thus这样，nevertheless然而，otherwise否则，still可是，仍然。2.4副词的用法副词在句中可用作：1)状语(这是副词在句子中的主要功用)It is raining hard.雨下得很大。(副词hard作状语，修饰动词is raining。)Dont drive too fast.车子不要开得太快。(fast是副词，作状语，修饰动词drive，副词too又修饰副词fast。)He speaks English quite well.他英语讲得相当好。(well修饰动词speaks，quite又修饰副词well。
16、)This is a fairly useful tool，这是一件相当有用的工具。(fairly修饰形容词useful)He has always helped his sister with her homework.他一向帮助他妹妹做家庭作业。(always修饰动词has helped)She often went there.她常到那儿去。(often和there均是副词，修饰动词went。)Perhaps he will telephone later.也许他以后会打电话来的。(perhaps是副词，用以修饰全句。)2)表语Is he up?他起床了没有?She is out.她出去
17、了。3)定语Life here is full of joy.这儿的生活充满了欢乐。(here修饰名词life)2.5副词的位置1)修饰动词时，有三种位置。2)修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前。如：It is a rather difficult job，这是一件颇为困难的工作。(rather修饰形容词difficult)He runs very fast.他跑得很快。(very修饰副词fast)3)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。如：The peasants there are busy digging a canal now.那里的农民现在正忙于修水渠。On my way h
18、ome，I met groups of Young Pioneers.在回家的路上我遇见成群的少先队员。2.6副词的比较等级和形容词同形的副词的形式变化与形容词完全相同。但以词尾-1y结尾的副词(注意early一词的-1y不是副词的词尾)须用more和most。另外，须注意下面例词中well，badly的不规则变化。如：原级比较级 最高级hard 努力地harderhardestfast 快faster fastestwell 好better bestbadly 坏 worseworstearly 早 earlier earliestquickly 快 more quicklymost qui
19、cklyhappily 快乐地 more happily most happily2.7副词比较等级的用法1)副词比较级的用法与形容词比较级相似。如：David drives faster than anyone I know.大卫开车比我所知道的任何人都要快。She plays table tennis better than I.她乒乓球打得比我好。(从句中省略了play table tennis)Mr. Martin usually gets to the office earlier than others.马丁先生到办公室通常比别人早。They speak less fluently
20、 but more correctly than we do.他们讲得不如我们流利，但比我们正确。2)副词最高级用法，除副词前可以不用the外(用the也可以)，其余与形容词最高级相同。如：I work fastest when Im under pressure.我在有压力时工作得最快。He swims the best in Class One.一班他游泳最好。 3.比较等级的一些特殊用法3.1两种不同形式有几个形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种的比较等级不同形式，而且意义也不同。举例说明：1)Rome is one of the oldest cities in the world. 罗
21、马是世界上最古老的城市之一。Her eldest daughter is a school teacher.她大女儿是个教员。My elder brother is in college. He is two years older than I. 我哥哥在上大学，他比我大两岁。注older，oldest说明人的年纪或事物的年代的久远，但在美国英语里也表示长幼。2)They reached the place later than we.他们到达那儿比我们晚。Twenty years later he returned to his home village. 二十年后，他回到自己的家乡。3)
22、Who spoke last?是谁最后发言的?What is the latest news about the sports meet?关于运动会最近有什么消息?3.2 as.as；not so. . .as或not as.as1)表示相等用as.as。如：This knife is as sharp as that one.这把刀跟那把一样快。Bill is as tall as I. 比尔和我一般高。Is this bag of soyabeans as heavy as that one?这袋大豆跟那袋一样重吗?You know as well as I do.你和我一样明白。注注意a
23、s后面的形容词如作定语，而被定语修饰的名词有不定冠词a时，冠词a须放在形容词之后，如German is as difficult a language as English.(德语和英语一样难学。)。这样的词序也适用于so，如I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin before.(我过去从未见过像桂林这样美丽的地方。)2)表示不相等用not so.as或not as.as。如：Tian An Men Square was not so big as it is now.天安门广场过去没有现在这样大。The Atlantic Ocean
24、is not as big as the Pacific ocean.大西洋没有太平洋大。3.3表示几倍于用twice (两倍)，three times(三倍)等加as.as.如：New York is ten times as big as my home town.纽约有我的家乡十个大。The output of the paper mill is now three times as high as it was in 1966.这家纸厂的生产比一九六六年增加两倍。This river is twice as long as that one.这条河比那条河长一倍。Asia is fou
25、r times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。注表示几倍于也可以用下面的说法，如：Three times three is nine.三乘三得九。He is twice my age.他的年龄比我大一倍。This lake is four times the size of that one.这个湖有那个湖四个大。The irrigated area in this province is four times bigger than in l978.这个省的灌溉面积比1978年增加三倍。(four times bigger than = four times as
26、big as)Our countys agricultural output this year is 5 per cent higher than that of last year.我们县今年农业产量比去年增长百分之五。3.4表示程度可用much，far，still，even，a 1itt1e，no，any，a great deal等状语来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。如：The Yellow River is long，but the Changjiang River is even longer.黄河长，长江更长。We are much better off now.我们的生活比过去好得多
27、。She sings far better than the others.她唱得比别人好得多。Wang is taller than Zhang. Li is still than Wang. 王比张高，李比王还高。注一注意下面的一些说法。如：I couldnt move a step further，我连一步也走不动了。The meeting lasted two hours longer than usual.会议比平常多开了两个钟头。He is a head taller than I.他比我高一个头。(也可以说He is taller than me by a head.)They
28、got there earlier than we by twenty minutes.他们比我们早二十分钟到达那里。The students of the university have increased by 100 per cent since l978.这个大学的学生自一九七八年以来增加了一倍。Do you want any more? -Yes，give me two more.你还要吗?一是的，再给我两个。Have you any more tickets? -Sorry，I have no more.你还有票吗? 对不起，没有了。注二可用形容词最高级 + possible或im
29、aginable等词来强调语气。如：I think he is the best possible man for the job.我认为他做这工作最合适。(也可以说the best man possible)Swimming in winter is the best form of exercise imaginable.冬泳是最好的运动方式。(也可以说the best imaginable form)3.5比较级1)比较级 + and + 比较级(后面不可接than从句)可用来表示越来越。如：The days are getting longer and longer.白天越来越长了。H
30、e is becoming more and more interested in sports. 他对运动越来越有兴趣了。The more the more 的用法意思是越，就越。如：The harder you work，the more you Will learn.你越努力，就越学得多。The greater the mass of a body，the greater is its inertia.物体的质量越大，它的惯性就越大。The more you eat，the fatter you get.你吃得越多，长得越胖。The more，the better.越多越好。2)more
31、 than和less than这两个固定词组分别表示多于少于。如：There are more than three hundred households in this village.这个村子有三百多户人家。The finished the Work in less than a year.他们不到一年就完成这项工作。Our country has established diplomatic relations with more than one hundred countries.我国已经和一百多个国家建立了外交关系。3)no more than和not more thanno mo
32、re than的意思是只不过，not more than的意思是不多于。试比较：There are no more than ten tickles left. 剩下不到十张票。 (有票少的含义)The experiment was done by not more than 5 persons. 做这个试验的人不到五个。(没有多或少的含义，只是客观地说明数目)This room is no bigger than that. 这个房间并不比那个大。 (有两个房间都不大的含义)This room is not bigger than that one.这个房间不比那个大。 (没有两个房间都不大
33、或都不小的含义)注注意not . Any more than或no more.than在下面句子中的用法。如：They cannot do the impossible any more than we can.他们和我们同样不能做不可能的事情。He is no more diligent than I am.他和我同样不勤奋4)no less than和not 1ess thanno less than的意思是不亚于，not less than的意思是不少于。试比较：There were no less than a thousand people at the meeting.到会的有一千
34、人之多。(有到会人多的含义)There were not less than one thousand people at the meeting.到会的至少有一千人。(没有到会人多或人少的含义)This song is no less popular than that one.这首歌之受欢迎不亚于那首歌。(有两首歌都受欢迎的含义)This song is not less popular than that one.这首歌受欢迎的程度不比那首差。(纯粹比较。不一定有两首歌都受欢迎的含义)All the better和so much the better这一类的说法都有因此而更的含义。如：If that is so，all the better.果真如此，那就更好。If he will come，so much the better.如果他愿意来，那更好。