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1、.Brdu 检测细胞增殖实验 实验操作:1 铺细胞,每个 3.5cm dish 10 万个,在 37、5%CO2孵箱中培养 72h(细胞密度至 50-60%左右)。2 Brdu(5-溴-2-脱氧尿苷)加入培养细胞中,1mg/ml,标记 48h。(量:Brdu 以铺满整个 dish 底面为准。)3 固定:PBS 洗细胞爬片 3 次,每次 5min,在摇床上晃动清洗,4%PFA 固定 30min。4 变性:将固定好的细胞爬片用 PBS 洗 3 次,每次 5min,2mol/L 的 HCl 在 37条件下变性 5min,可放置于 37恒温孵箱,应用封口膜把培养皿封好。(120r/m)5 中和:0.1
2、mol/L 的硼酸钠(PH8.3)中和 10min,PBS 洗 3 次,每次 5min。(50r/m)6 加入 1ml 的 0.2%TritonX-100,10min。7 吸出 TritonX-100,用 PBS 洗 3 次,每次 5min。8 加入 1ml 3%的 BSA 封闭,室温 1h,可在摇床上晃动。9 吸出 BSA,用 PBS 洗 3 次,每次 5min。10加一抗(尿嘧啶脱氧核苷 Brdu(鼠单抗)1:200),用 1%BSA 稀释,4 度过夜。11将孵好一抗的细胞爬片用 PBS 洗 3 次,每次 10min。12 加二抗(羊抗鼠IgG/Alexa Fluor 594 1:100)
3、,用1%BSA稀释,避光室温孵育1h。(60 r/min)13将孵好二抗的细胞爬片用 PBS 洗 3 次,每次 10min。14加 DAPI 染细胞核,储存浓度为 1mg/ml,应将 DAPI 完全混匀,可用手弹几下,一般稀释比例为 1:1000(用 PBS 稀释),避光室温反应 10min。15将 DAPI 染好的细胞爬片用 PBS 洗 3 次,每次 10min。16中性树胶封片,荧光显微镜观察,200镜下取 5 个视野,计数 Brdu 阳性细胞和蓝染的细胞核数目,然后进行统计分析。试剂配制:a.Brdu 的溶解:室温下,将 250mg 粉末溶于 2.5ml 的 DMSO 中,储存浓度为 1
4、00mg/ml 分装,每管 120ul,-20保存。b.2 mol/L HCl:取 8.333mL 12 mol/L HCl 的浓 HCl,加入 DDW 定容至 50 mL。c.0.1 mol/L 硼酸钠:称量 1.907g 硼砂(Na2B410H2O 381.36 g/mol),加入 DDW 定容至 50 mL,调 PH=8.3。d.0.2%Triton X-100:有 0.5%的 Triton-100(2.5 mL 原液溶解于 47.5 mL 的 PBS 中),用PBS 稀释至 0.2%。e.3%BSA:称量 1.5g BSA,溶解于 50 mL 的 PBS 中。.f.1%BSA:用 PB
5、S 稀释 3%BSA 至 1%。g.4%FPS:4%多聚甲醛。我是用 DDW 配制的,后来我发现很难溶,磁力搅拌器加热搅拌,虽然温度控制在 60以下,也总是担心多聚甲醛分解为甲醛,所以,我就总结为如下:提前配制。4%多聚甲醛溶液(pH7.2)试剂:多聚甲醛(PFA)4g DDW 至 100ml 配制方法:称取 4g 多聚甲醛(粉末状),置于三角烧瓶中,加入 80mlDDW,放入 37 恒温水浴箱,每隔 1-2 小时摇晃混匀,16-24 小时 PFA 会完全溶解。补充 DDW,调节 PH 值。实验原理:1.免疫染色实验的基本原理 利用固定剂(通常是甲醛或多聚甲醛)将细胞固定,使得细胞膜的通透性大
6、大增加,并且利用 Triton-X-100 使得一部分膜蛋白变性,从而使通透性进一步加强。利用正常羊血清封闭,可以令许多蛋白先与血清内的非特异性抗体结合,而特异性的抗体由于动力学的关系可以通过竞争性的反应与目的蛋白结合,这一过程可以保证抗体识别的特异性。二抗可以特异性识别一抗的 Fc 区域,利用二抗连接不同的荧光基团,就可以在荧光显微镜下观察到不同的荧光,从而显示目的基因的表达情况。2.BrdU 标记原理 细胞增殖周期包括 G1、S、G2、M 4 个时期,其中 S 期是 DNA 合成期,细胞内 DNA 进行半保留复制,各种构成 DNA 的原料掺入到 DNA 中。BrdU 作为一种胸腺嘧啶核苷的
7、类似物(其化学结构特点是胸腺嘧啶的碱基嘧啶环上与 5 位 C 原子连接的甲基被溴代替),像胸腺嘧啶核苷一样可掺入到细胞合成的 DNA 中。当细胞处于 DNA 合成期(S 期)而同时又有 BrdU 存在时,就会有 BrdU 掺入新合成的 DNA 中,只要细胞不消亡,这种 BrdU 就在胞核的 DNA 中长期存留。掺入到 DNA 的 BrdU 可通过抗 BrdU 单克隆抗体在组织切片或细胞爬片上显示。BrdU 抗体比较大,由于 DNA 双链结构的位阻,BrdU 抗体无法直接与双链上的 BrdU 结合,必须先用使 DNA 部分变性,这样变性了的 DNA 单链上的 BrdU 才能与 BrdU 抗体结合
8、,因此做BrdU 细胞增殖实验一定要变性,当然变性的方法包括酸解,热解等,但是要注意变性的程度也很重要。建议采用 EdU 细胞增殖检测方法,无需变性,无需酶解,无需抗体,小分子染色,3 小时完成实验。EdU 是一种胸腺嘧啶核苷类似物,能够在细胞增殖时期代替 T 渗入正在复制的 DNA 分子,通过基于 EdU 与 Apollo?荧光染料的特异性反应检测 DNA 复制活性,通 快速、更灵敏、更准确。EdU 检测染料只有 BrdU 抗体大小的 1/500,在细胞内很容易扩散,无需 DNA 变性(酸解、热解、酶解等)即可有效检测,可有效避免样品损伤,在细胞和组织水平能更准确地反映细胞增殖等现象。该方法
9、能对细胞周期进行迅速而稳定的测量,而且标记 BrdU 的细胞只要不受到紫外线照射,对细胞本身没有功能损害。该技术可应用到跟踪检测移植细胞的存活、分化和功能状态。3.DAPI 染色原理 DAPI 为 4,6 二脒基-2-苯吲哚(4,6diamidino-2phenylindole),能与双链 DNA小槽,特别是 AT 碱基结合,也可插入少于 3 个连续 AT 碱基对的 DNA 序列中。当它与双链DNA 结合时,荧光强度增强 20 倍,而与单链 DNA 结合则无荧光增强现象,因此是一种简易、快速和敏感地检测 DNA 的方法。DAPI 的荧光强度虽较 Hoechst 低,但荧光稳定性优于Hoechs
10、t;其特异性较溴化乙啶(ethidlium bromide,EB)和碘化丙啶(propidium iodide,P1)高。DAPI 的中文名称是 4,6-联脒-2-苯基吲哚,是一种常用的荧光染料,其作用机理与溴化乙锭(EB)等染色剂的机理类似:它们与 DNA 双螺旋的凹槽部分可以发生相互作用,从而与 DNA 的双链紧密结合。结合后产生的荧光基团的吸收峰是 358nm 而散射峰是 461nm,正好 UV(紫外光)的激发波长是 356nm,使得 DAPI 成为了一种常用的荧光检测信号。.ANALYSIS OF CELL CYCLE 1.INTRODUCTION Cell cycle and apo
11、ptosis are very important functional parameters to assess the cellular metabolism,physiology and pathology.Several techniques have been developed to quantitate these parameters utilizing the differential staining of fluorescent dyes.We are describing four different flow cytometric methods,two for th
12、e discrimination of cell cycle phases(A and B)and two for the simultaneous assessment of cell cycle and apoptosis(C and D).A)Bromodeoxyuridine/Propidium Iodide The classical method for the analysis of cell cycle distribution is the flow cytometric measurement of DNA content which can simultaneously
13、determine the incorporation of Bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU).The procedure requires that DNA is partially denatured to expose incorporated BrdU to a specific antibody.Denaturation is necessary because antibodies developed so far bind only to BrdU in single-strand DNA.The remaining undenatured DNA is then
14、stained with Propidium Iodide(PI).Green fluorescence from the fluorescein-conjugated antibody is a measure of BrdU incorporation.Red fluorescence from the PI is a measure of DNA.The protocol described here uses high-molarity HCl for the denaturation of DNA.Furthermore,this method may be utilized eit
15、her for unfixed or for fixed cells in suspension.B)Cyclins/Propidium Iodide Cyclins are key components of the cell cycle progression machinery.In particular,the expression of cyclins D,E,A and B1 provides new cell cycle landmarks that can be used to subdivide cell cycle into several distinct subcomp
16、artments.In this procedure cyclins expression is detectable using specific monoclonal antibodies(mAbs),and is analysed in respect to DNA content.Generally,the peak of expression of cyclin D1 can be detected in early G1,the peak of cyclin E is typical of G1/S transition,the peak of cyclin A can be de
17、tected during G2/M phases and cyclin B1 is typical of late G2/M.Using this method,compared to the above mentioned protocol,it is possible to distinguish G0 from G1 and G2 from M phases.However,it is necessary to keep in mind that not all cell types behave in the same manner(for example,cyclin D1 is
18、detectable not only in G0/G1 but also in G2/M,even if in a very few cell types).C)TUNEL/Propidium Iodide One of the most used protocol for the determination of apoptosis in the different phases of cell cycle is the enzymatic in situ labeling of apoptosis-induced DNA strand breaks(TUNEL).Terminal deo
19、xynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)have been used for the incorporation of fluorescein-labeled nucleotides to DNA strands breaks in situ.DNA content is revealed by red fluorescence from PI.In order to have more details,see the Chapters related to TUNEL technique.D)F-Actin/Propidium Iodide The analysis of
20、 apoptotic cells and estimation of their cell cycle specificity is also possible using a recent method.This is based on identification of apoptotic cells which have modified their cytoskleton and their DNA content.In specific,paraformaldehyde(PFA)fixation followed by staining of F-actin with fluores
21、cein-conjugated phalloidin and of DNA with PI,are used.Furthermore,this procedure may be utilized also for adherent cells.A)BrdU/PI PROTOCOL A.2.1 Materials.BrdU(A2),washing buffer(A1),HCl 4 M,Borax buffer(A1),anti-BrdU antibody(A2),goat-anti-mouse-FITC antibody(A2),PI buffer(A1).A.2.2.Methodology 1
22、.Cells(1x106/mL)are incubated with BrdU 10 m M at final concentration,for 30 min at 37 C in controlled atmosphere.2.Wash twice at 500 g for 1 min using the washing buffer.3.Resuspend in 0.5 mL of washing buffer and 0.5 mL of HCl 4 M.4.Mix accurately and incubate for 30 min at room temperature.5.Wash
23、 once as in step 2.6.Resuspend in 1 mL of Borax buffer.7.As in step 5.8.Resuspend in 200 m L of washing buffer and label with 5 m L of mAb ant-BrdU.9.Incubate for 1 hour at 4 C in the dark.10.As in step 5.11.Resuspend in 200 m L of washing buffer and label with 4 m L of goat-anti-mouse FITC-conjugat
24、ed antibody.12.Incubate for 30 min at 4 C in the dark.13.As in step 5.14.Resuspend in 200 m L of washing buffer and 200 m L of PI buffer.15.Incubate for 15-30 min at 4 C in the dark.16.Analyse with flow cytometer equipped with a 488 nm argon laser.A.3.COMMENTARY A.3.1 Background information In this
25、procedure fixed cells by 4%PFA in Phosphate Buffer Saline(PBS)can be utilized.In this case to wash cells once in PBS before to start at step 1 is necessary.Moreover,both direct and indirect immunofluorescence can be used.The BrdU incorporation is more evident using the indirect method.A.3.2 Anticipa
26、ted results It is recommanded to perform each experiment using a negative and a positive control sample.The negative sample,in order to have a correct setting of instrument,is assessed following all the steps except step 8.The positive sample,in order to make sure that the method works,is assessed b
27、y using a proliferating cell line(such as U937,K562,MOLT4,etc.)following all steps.A.3.3 Time considerations The protocol is simply but it require a quite long time.Indeed,for few samples,more or less 4 hours are required.The duration of the method is obviously depending on the number of samples.A.3.4 Key references 1.Dolbeare,F.,Gratzner,H:,Pallavicini,M.,Gray,J.W.1983.Proc.Natl.Accad.Sci.U.S.A.80:5573.