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1、非谓语动词动词不定式 to do动名词 doing 现在分词 doing过去分词 done一、作主语 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数v1)把不定式置于句首。如：v To get there by bike will take us half an hour.v (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。v 如：v Itbe名词to do v Its our duty to take good care of the old.v It takes sb+some time+to do v How long did it take you to
2、 finish the work?vItbe形容词for sbto do v It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter v of an hour.v常用表示客观情况的形容词，如 difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等Itbe形容词of sbto do vIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersaysv常用careless,clever,good,foolish,
3、honest,kind,vlazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词v在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句 式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式，如：Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.v1.动名词 doing一般表示动作或状态与谓语动词同时发生或存在,表示打算或愿望等动词后亦可表示将来的行为.v一般时:writing(被动being written)v 完成时:have written(被动 having be
4、en written)v I am very fond of reading.v动名词的完成时表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词之前.v I am surprise at his having been invited to London.动词ing形式v2.动名词作主语 v Learning without practice is no good.v 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：vIts+no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing v Its no good reading in dim light.v Its no use s
5、itting here waiting.v动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 v 不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而v 动名词作主语经常表示抽象动 作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：v Its no good eating too much fat.v Its no good for you to eat so much fat.v动名词作宾语 v 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk
6、,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist on,put off等。如：v I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.v You must give up smoking,for it does too much harm to your health.v动名词作介词的宾语 vI should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.vWhat about inviting Li Jun to mak
7、e a speech?v 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,vhave no trouble(in)doing,vlose no time(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,vthere is no use(in)doing等。v部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。v forget,remember,regret后接不定式to do，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词doing 表示动作已经发生。如：v Dont forget fo post the letter for me.v Ha
8、ve you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?vRemember to close the windows before you leave.v I remember writing him a letter a year ago.vmean to do 打算做某事 v mean doing 意味着 v I meant to catch up with the early bus.v This means wasting a lot of money.vtry to do 设法尽力做某事 v try doing 试着做某事 vYou shoul
9、d try to overcome your shortcomings.vTry working out the physics problem in another way.v stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事v stop doing 停止做某事 v On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.vYoud better stop arguing and do as you are told.vcant help doing 禁不住 v cant help to do不能帮助干 v They couldnt help jum
10、ping up at the news.v Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I cant help to make up the room for you.vgo on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 go on doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续 v He went on to talk about world situation.v他接着又谈了世界形势。v Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.v过去分词done一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相
11、当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。v动词-ing形式同时承担动词和名词的角色，它可以象动词一样后面跟宾语（如beating a child,writing letters）,但它本身也可以象名词一样作句子的主语、宾语、补语、同位语。而更为多见的是它独特的功能,即充当句子的定语或是状语。现在分词 doing 与过去分词 done 的区别用法v动词-ing 形式与-ed形式放在一起可以构成动词-ing 的另外三种形式：完成式（例如having arrived），被动式（例如being employed），以及完成被动式（例如having been invited）。其形式
12、如下表：v一般式 doing being done v完成式 having done having been done v主语 vDriving in heavy traffic makes me nervous.v宾语vYour hair needs cutting(=needs to be cut).宾语补足语vI saw a small girl standing in the goldfish pond.v同位语vHis hobby,collecting stamps,absorbed him.v定语vTell the children playing there not to mak
13、e such noise.v状语vNot knowing what to do,the woman telephoned the police.v表语vDont touch the glass because it is broken.v定语vThe excited people rushed into the building.v状语vSeen from the top of the hill,the city looked like a big garden.v补足语vWhen you are making a speech,you should speak louder to make
14、yourself heard.9.分词分词9.1 分词作定语分词作定语分词前置 如：We can see the rising sun.我们可以看到东升的旭日He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人分词后置(i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given,left；iii 修饰不定代词 something等)如：There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里This is the question given.这是所给的问题There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语 与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动
15、语态的定语从句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.典型例题典型例题 1)The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.have written B.to be written C.being written D.written答案D.书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written D 2）Whats the l
16、anguage _ in Germany?A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speakB答案B.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。9.2 分词作状语分词作状语As I didnt receive any letter from him,I gave him a call.=Not receiving any letter from him,I gave him a call.由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。If more attention was given,the trees could have grown better.=Giv
17、en more attention，the trees could have grown better.假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。典型例题典型例题1）_ some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.A.Followed B.Followed by C.Being followed D.Having been followedB答案B.Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。followed by（被跟随）。本题可改为：With some officials follo
18、wing,Napoleon inspected his army.2）There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed答案B.由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。B3）_,liquids can be changed into gases.A.Heating B.To be heated C.Heated D.Heat答案答案C.本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词本题要选一分词作为状语
19、。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，C 注意：注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。(Being)used for a long time,the book lo
20、oks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book,I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。9.3 连词连词+分词分词(短语短语)有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。在分词前加连词。连词有：连词有：when，while，if though，after,before,as.但分词的主语但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：，如：While waiting there,he saw two
21、 pretty girls come out of the building.(waiting 和saw 的主语相同。)v通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：vI found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。Ill have my watch repaired.v在表示感觉的动词see,feel,hear,watch,notice,smell 这些动词之后用动词-ing形式，表示我们观察到了整个动作的一部分，或者说当我们开始观看或听见时，动作正在进行。而在这些动词之后用（不带to的）不定式则表示我们看到了一个动作自始至终的全过程v-When I
22、 glanced out of the window I saw Mary crossing the road.v-I saw him step off the pavement,cross the road,and disappear into the post office.9.4 分词作补语分词作补语9.5 分词作表语分词作表语现在分词：现在分词：表示主动，正在进行表示主动，正在进行过去分词：过去分词：表示被动，已经完成表示被动，已经完成过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征分词作表语多表示主语
23、所具有的特征英语中这样的分词还有很多，英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：如：amusing,amused;surprising,surprised,encouraging,encouraged;disappointing,disappointed;exciting,excited;puzzling,puzzled;satisfying,satisfied;worrying,worried;tiring,tired;pleasing,pleased;interesting,interested;astonishing,astonished等等His interested expression sug
24、gested that the book is interesting.Hearing the news,we felt very surprised.The news is very surprising.9.6 分词作插入语分词作插入语 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。子的主语。如：如：generally speaking一般说来一般说来talking of(speaking of)说道说道 strictly speaking 严格的说严格的说judging from 从从判断判断 all things considered 从从 整整 体
25、体 来来 看看taking all things into consideration全全 面面 看看 来来9.7 分词的时态分词的时态1）与主语动词同时）与主语动词同时，用doing如：如：Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.听到听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。Arriving there,they found the boy dead.刚刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。典型例题：典型例题：The secretary worked late into the night,_a long spee
26、ch for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing答案答案B.此处没有连词，不能选此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓，否则出现了两个谓语动词语动词worked和和was preparing。只能在只能在B，C中选一中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。系，应用现在分词。B2）先于主动词）先于主动词 如如:While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg.在花园里散步时他伤了腿。在花
27、园里散步时他伤了腿。分词作时间状语，如果分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强先于主动词的动作，且强调先后调先后，要用要用having done。如如:Having finished his homework,he went out.=As he had finished his homework,he went out.做完作业后，他出去了。做完作业后，他出去了。典型例题典型例题_ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not rec
28、eived C答案答案C.本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not+分词，故分词，故选选C。该句可理解为：。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply,he decided to write again.9.8 分词的语态分词的语态1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动通常，现在分词表示主动，
29、过去分词表示被动，例如：，例如：He is the man giving you the money.(=who gave you)他就是给你钱的那个人。He is the man stopped by the car.(=who was stopped by)他就是那个被车拦住的人。2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned 如：如：a well-read person.一一个个读读过过许许多多书书的的人人 a much-travelled may一一个个去
30、去过过许许多多地地方方的的人人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴烧完了的火柴v 过去分词作定语和过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：试比较下面几组短语：v boiled water开水开水 boiling water正沸腾的水正沸腾的水v developed countries发展的国家发展的国家 v developing countries发展中国家发展中国家v fallen leaves落叶落叶 v falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子正在飘落的叶子v changed condition改变了的情况改变了的情况
31、 v changing condition变化着的情况变化着的情况v由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。v 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：v the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）v the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）v the bridge built 造好的桥 v（表示完成的动作）v动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：v have sb.do something 不定式作补语必须省去to,v 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如
32、：I had the workers do the job for me.v我让工人们替我完成了工作。v Jim often has his father help him with his homework.v吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。vhave sb./sth.doing something v -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：v They had the tractor working all the time.v他们让拖拉机一直工作着。v We wont have the child talking to his mother like
33、that.v 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。vhave sth.done v 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：v 主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：v He had his hair cut yesterday.v 他昨天理发了。v Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.v后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。v主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：v He had his leg broken in the match last month.v他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。v He had one eye lost in the war.v 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。