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1、I.Word Study II.Phrases and Expressions III.Word BuildingIV.Grammar Language Study第1页/共41页I.Word StudyWord list:1.allowance2.attribute3.belittle4.classify5.fundamental6.grudge 7.inherit 8.prohibition 9.originate10.prestige11.justify12.consist13.keen第2页/共41页I.Word Study1.allowancen.Examples:a travel
2、allowance that covers hotel and restaurant billsThe dealer gave us an allowance on our old car.To be continued on the next page.a.sth.,such as money,given at regular intervals or for a specific purposeb.price reduction,especially one granted in exchange for used merchandise第3页/共41页I.Word Study 一笔 a
3、sum of allowance 接受 receive subsidy申请 apply for a grant of money困难 hardship grant取暖 heating subsidy 失业 unemployment benefit 实物 subsidy in kind 现金 cash grant 学生 student aid/assistance；scholarship 医疗 medical benefit英语中的“补助”第4页/共41页I.Word Study2.attribute v.a.to relate to a particular cause or source;a
4、ttribute sth.to b.to regard as the work of a specified agent or creatorExamples:David attributed his companys success to the unity of all the staff and their persevering hard work.a symphony attributed to Mozart 由莫扎特创作的交响乐To be continued on the next page.第5页/共41页I.Word StudyExamples:Organizing abili
5、ty is essential attribute for a good manager.Lightning bolts are an attribute of Zeus.闪电是宙斯的象征n.a.a quality or characteristic inherent in or ascribed to sb.or sth.b.an object associated with and serving to identify a character,a personage,etc.第6页/共41页I.Word Study3.belittlev.a.to represent or speak o
6、f as contemptibly small or unimportant;disparageb.to cause to seem less than another or littleExamples:A poor but honest man is not to be belittled.The size of the office tower belittles the surrounding buildings.To be continued on the next page.第7页/共41页I.Word Studybelittle/minimize/depreciate belit
7、tle 贬低,努力使事缩小到被轻视的地步 minimize 使事情降低到最小程度或者作用，使事情尽可能渺小 depreciate 将某人或某事价值表现为低于常有水平To be continued on the next page.第8页/共41页I.Word Studybelittle/minimize/depreciateExamples:the habit of minimizing losses in our own forces while maximizing those of the enemy He depreciates the value of experience.第9页/
8、共41页I.Word Studyv.4.classifyExamples:Would you classify his novels as a serious literatureor as mere entertainment?classified advertisementsThe papers concerning the negotiations are classifiedand will not be declassified for 30 years.a.to arrange or organize according to class or categoryb.to class
9、ify sb./sth.(as)sth.;to place sb./sth.in a particular classc.to designate(sth.)as confidential,secret,or top secret第10页/共41页I.Word Study5.fundamental/essential/vitalFundamental suggests sth.that is a basic thing without which an entire system would collapse.（强调基础或根基是无形事物或抽象事物）Essential suggests sth.
10、that is the very basic nature of a thing.（必不可少的特点，本质）Vital suggests sth.that is necessary to a things existence,continuation or well-being.（强调对某物存在、发展极为重要）To be continued on the next page.第11页/共41页I.Word Study Monarchy had undergone fundamental changes.To seek truth is one of the fundamental princip
11、les of Mao Zedong thought.Social stability is essential to economic construction.Transportation and communication are vital to economic development.第12页/共41页I.Word Study 6.grudgev.a.to be reluctant to give or admit b.to resent for having;to begrudgeThe retired official grudged to answer the question
12、s asked by the newsman.The brother grudged his sister her brilliant academic record.bear(have)a grudge against sb.bear(owe)sb.a grudgen.a deep-seated feeling of resentment or rancor 第13页/共41页I.Word Study 7.inherita.to receive(property or a title)from an ancestor by legal succession or willb.to recei
13、ve or take over from a predecessorc.to receive(a characteristic)from ones parents by genetic transmissionExamples:The eldest son will inherit the title.The new administration inherited the economic problems from the previous one.To be continued on the next page.v.第14页/共41页I.Word Study inherit the tr
14、aditionShe inherited her mothers good looks and her fathers bad temper.第15页/共41页I.Word Study 8.prohibitionThe period(19201933)during which the 18th Amendment forbidding the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages was in force in the United States.禁酒时期美国第十八条修正案禁止生产和销售烈性酒实施的时期（19201933年）第16页/共41页I
15、.Word Study 9.originatea.originate from/in sth.originate from/with sb.:to have sb./sth.as a cause of beginningb.to be the creator or author of(sth.)发明，创造Examples:All theories originate from/in practice and in turn serve practice.The optic theory originated with Einstein.originate a new style of danc
16、ingv.第17页/共41页I.Word Study 10.prestigea.a persons high standing among others;widely recognized prominence,distinction,etc.b.power to impress others,esp.as a result of wealth,distinction,glamour,etc.Examples:The old universities of Oxford and Cambridge still have a lot of prestige.have/enjoy/earn pre
17、stige in the communityn.(attributive)often used to modify another nouna prestige address 富有魅力的演说n.第18页/共41页I.Word Study 11.justify a.to prove to be just,right or valid b.to be a good reason for sth.Examples:The course of events fully justifies our views.These recommendations will need to be justifie
18、d before they can be implemented.The fine quality of the cloth justifies its high price.I cannot really justify taking another day off work.v.第19页/共41页I.Word Study 12.consist a.to be made up or composed b.have sth.as its chief element or feature c.to be compatible;accord Examples:New York City consi
19、sts of five boroughs.The beauty of the artists style consists in its simplicity.True charity doesnt consist in almsgiving.真正的慈善不在于施舍。The information consists with her account.v.第20页/共41页I.Word Study 13.keen a.having a fine,sharp cutting edge or point b.having intellectual quickness and acuity c.shar
20、p;vivid;strong The end of Word Study.Examples:A kitchen knife needs a keen blade.A keen north wind blew through the gaps around the door.Even at the age of 95 he still had a keen mind.“His entire body hungered for keen sensation,something exciting.”(Richard Wright)a.第21页/共41页II.Phrases and Expressio
21、ns List:1.as a rule 2.make allowances3.in fashion4.in the light of 5.run out 6.on the ground of 7.a shadow of 8.at all costs第22页/共41页 usually;generally;in most casesExamples:As a rule,I like to be alone and undisturbed.I dont eat sweets as a rule.一般说来，经常1.as a rule II.Phrases and Expressions第23页/共41
22、页 2.make allowances You make allowances for sth.or sb.when you take sb.s special circumstances into consideration before making a judgement.Examples:I am tired of making allowances for his lack of experiences.Making allowances for bad weather and for my own laziness,I think that the job will be fini
23、shed before the end of the year.体谅，考虑II.Phrases and Expressions第24页/共41页3.in fashionExamples:Long skirts have come into fashion again.She paints in the fashion of Picasso.流行，入时II.Phrases and Expressionscome into/be in fashion:to become populargo/be out of fashion:to become unpopular as a stylein the
24、 fashion of sb.:like sb.;imitating the style of sb.第25页/共41页 4.in the light of sth.in view of sth.;considering sth.Example:review the proposals in the light of past experience 鉴于某事II.Phrases and Expressions第26页/共41页 5.run out a.to come to an end;to be used up or finishedb.to expire;to be no longer v
25、alidc.(run sb.out)to force sb.to leave a placeExamples:The petrol is running out./We are running out of petrol.His driving license/passport has run out.If he refuses to leave of(stop)his free will,they will run him out.用光，耗尽II.Phrases and Expressionsv.第27页/共41页 6.on the ground of ground:the foundati
26、on for an argument,a belief,or an action;a basisExamples:Jane was late on the ground of the heavy traffic.Tom left on the ground that he was ill.II.Phrases and Expressions以 为理由，基础=on the ground that第28页/共41页 7.a shadow of Examples:There is not a shadow of justification for your behavior.not a shadow
27、 of doubtTonight,she knew without any shadow of doubt that he was lying to her.某事物的痕迹a slight trace of sth.II.Phrases and Expressions第29页/共41页 8.at all costsSomething that must happen at all costs is so important that everything possible must be done to make sure it happens.Examples:This letter must
28、 reach him by this afternoon at all costs.I must finish the work by tomorrow at all costs.无论如何II.Phrases and ExpressionsThe end of Phrases and Expressions.第30页/共41页III.Wordi Building List:1.Rootcide2.Rootverse第31页/共41页 infanticideinfanticiderootcide:to cut infanticide fratricideinsecticidematricidep
29、atricidesuicide杀婴杀害兄弟姐妹者杀虫剂杀母者杀父者自杀III.Word Building第32页/共41页converseconverserootverse:to turnconverseadverseaversediverseinverseobversereverse相反的事物不利的，敌对的厌恶的，反对的不同的，互异的，种种的逆的，反的正面的，相对的颠倒的，相反的 III.Word BuildingThe end of Word Building.第33页/共41页IV.GrammarRelative AdverbsWhen,where and why used in the
30、 following ways are called relative adverbs.When can replace in/at/on which(use of time):the year when(=in which)he was bornBut we should fully face the fact that beliefs which are merely inherited from the past must have originated at a time when(=at which time)men knew much less than they know tod
31、ay.(Para.5)To be continued on the next page.第34页/共41页IV.GrammarWhere can replace in/at which(use of place):This is the place where(=in which)a large dormitory will be built for the families of our teachers.Why can replace for which:There is no reason why(=for which)I should not accept the offer.To b
32、e continued on the next page.第35页/共41页 Abbreviated Adverbial ClauseIV.GrammarRules:A.Only when the subject of the clause and that of the sentence are one and the same can the clause be shortened.But if the staunchest Roman Catholic and the staunchest Presbyterian had been exchanged when infantsTo be
33、 continued on the next page.第36页/共41页Abbreviated Adverbial ClauseRules:B.Adverbial clauses of time,condition,concession,manner and comparison can be reduced to a.conj.+participles(both present and past)An assumed or dogmatic proposition which had been universally accepted as“obvious”;and which,when
34、challenged,was supported by reference to a dogma of Aristotle.Because of the opportunities he had while attending college,this young man,like manyIV.GrammarTo be continued on the next page.第37页/共41页Abbreviated Adverbial Clause other students,experienced a new understanding of the world and of himsel
35、f.b.conj.+adjectives Though poor the Smiths are happy.c.conj.+prepositional phrases or adverbs While in Rome,do as the Romans do.IV.GrammarTo be continued on the next page.第38页/共41页IV.Grammard.conj.+infinitive phrases(restricted to“as if”)Often he(the wolf)would sit with his nose to the sky,turning his head this way and that as if to check the wind.The end of Grammar.第39页/共41页Part FourThis is the end of Part Four.Please click HOME to visit other parts.第40页/共41页谢谢您的观看！第41页/共41页