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1、49.I was irreverent at the best of times.Political and religious systems,social customs,loyalties and traditions,they all came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree.(para.31)在情况最好的时候，我也没有表现出敬意。政治和宗教制度、社会风俗、忠诚和传统。在我看来都像树上诸多的烂苹果一样会纷纷滚落在地。Irreverent:lacking reverence;critical of what is g
2、enerally accepted or respected 不虔诚的、不恭敬的at the best of times:adv.在最有利的情况下Even at the best of times the lift was seldom working.即使最顺利的时候，电梯也是很少开的。Tumble:跌倒，摔倒；被绊倒；倒塌；翻来覆去，翻腾 Tumble to the ground.The house tumbled down in the storm.Language points第1页/共18页50.I came up in the end with what must always r
3、emain the justification for grade-one thinking.I devised a coherent system for living.It was a moral system,which was wholly logical.(Para.31)最后我悟出了如何才能保持一级思考能力的真谛。我构建了一个统一的生存体系，那是一个道德体系，完全合乎逻辑。-According to the author,grade-one thinking must be based on a coherent and logical system for living,in o
4、ther words,a moral system,without which you cannot prove yourself to be a grade-one thinker.Judging by the context,this system probably refers to ones world outlook世界观and basic political beliefs and moral principles.Come up with:追赶上；比得上；想出；准备好（钱等）He could always come up with a reason for them to sta
5、y for another week.devise:想出，设计第2页/共18页51.Of course,as I readily admitted,conversion of the world to my way of thinking might be difficult,since my system did away with a number of trifles,such as big business,centralized government,armies,marriage.(para.31)-Of course I knew very well that it might
6、be difficult to change the world to my way of thinking.do away with a number of trifles：to get rid of a number of unimportant things such as big business It shows that the author is against big business,centralized government,armies,etc.do away with:To do away with something means to remove it compl
7、etely or put an end to it.废除，消灭，去掉；涤除；搞掉trifle:可数名词 小事;琐事;无价值的东西 A trifle is something that is considered to have little importance,value,or significance.第3页/共18页52.It was Ruth all over again.I had some very good friends who stood by me,and still do.But my acquaintances vanished,taking the girls wit
8、h them.(Para.32)-What had happened to Ruth and me now happened again.My grade-two thinking frightened away many of my acquaintances.all over again:repeated 再来一遍、重新开始Ill have to write it all over again.我得从头再写一遍。第4页/共18页 stand bya.to remain uninvolved;to refrain from acting旁观b.to remain loyal to;to ai
9、d or support支持c.to keep or maintain遵守d.to be ready or available to act准备行动e.g.He stood by me through all my troubles.The police are standing by to control the crowd if it is necessary.You should always stand by your promises.You cant stand by and allow such a thing.第5页/共18页Acquaintancen.a.a person w
10、hom one knows(CN)b.knowledge or information about something or someone(UN)n.acquaintanceshipv.acquaint:To come to know personally;to make familiar;to inform;Examples:Mrs.Bosomley has become merely a nodding acquaintance.点头之交；Few of my acquaintances like Sheila.认识的人The guide has some acquaintance wit
11、h Italian.懂一点意大利语He has a wide acquaintanceship among all sorts of people.交往甚广第6页/共18页53.Had the game gone too far?In those prewar days,I stood to lose a great deal,for the sake of a hobby.(para.33)-In those prewar days when many people were fully worked up to a political frenzy,it was very dangerou
12、s to voice different opinions.You might lose friends or your job.game:his grade-one thinking which he takes as a hobby go too far:to go beyond what is reasonable and acceptable 走得太远，做的过火；出圈儿 Dont go too far afield or youll get lost.别走得太远，要不然你会迷路的。stood to lose:to be likely to lose 定然会第7页/共18页54.Now
13、you are expecting me to describe how I saw the folly of my ways and came back to the warm nest(para.34)-Now you think I will tell you how I gradually saw my stupidity in being a grade-one thinker and therefore decided to give it up and return to the majority of grade-three thinkers.现在你一定指望我描述我如何认识到了
14、我自己设计的愚蠢的思维方式，又是如何回到温暖的小巢了吧。在这个安乐窝中，偏见被称为忠诚，无意义的行为被不断重复后变成了习俗，我们却心满意足地说自己在思考。folly n.蠢笨 蠢笨；愚行；讽刺剧第8页/共18页55.But you would be wrong.I dropped my hobby and turned professional.(para.35)但是，你错了。我把我的嗜好变成了职业。-But you guessed wrong.I did not drop my hobby of thinking(here,we can say he might give up the ho
15、bby of grade-two thinking).Instead I went further and became a professional thinker.第9页/共18页II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesMetonymy（转喻）is substituting a word for another word closely associated with it.In metonymy,an idea is evoked or named by means of term designating指出some associated notion.“
16、It”stands for“thought”in grammar,but actually refers to Mr.Houghton,and it is vulgar to refer to a girl as a skirt.It will lecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly twisted toward a skirt.(Para.23)Mr.Houghtongirls第10页/共18页 The burglar was in Sallys mind all day long.(burg
17、lar=some idea of the burglar)Democracy favors the vote rather than the bullet.(Vote=election,bullet=military solutions)“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.”(Mao Zedong refers it to the military revolution)Bill Gates is the king of operating systems worldwide.(Bill Gates=Microsoft)The p
18、en is mightier than the sword.(pen=writer;sword=fighter)文能胜武.More examples 第11页/共18页II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesSynecdoche snekdki（提喻）Synecdoche can be included in metonymy,and it refers to the substitution of the part for the whole or of the whole for the part.If we were counting heads,the
19、Buddhists were the boys for my money.(Para.27)(head=person)There are two mouths to feed in my family.(mouth=person)God bless the hands that prepared this food.(hand=person)第12页/共18页II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesIrony arn（反语）Irony is the expression of ones meaning by using language that normall
20、y signifies the opposite,typically for humorous or emphatic加强语气的effect.Technically,it is about as proficient as most businessmens golf,as honest as most politicians intentions,or as coherent as most books that get written.(Para.23)Mr.Houghton was given to high-minded monologues about the good life,s
21、exless and full of duty.(Para.20)第13页/共18页II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesIt is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.For instance.You could hear the wind,trapped in his chest and struggling with all the unnatural impediments.His body would reel with shock and h
22、is face go white at the unaccustomed visitation.He would stagger back to his desk and collapse there,useless for the rest of the morning.(Para.19)Hyperbole hap:bli:（夸张）第14页/共18页II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesSimile sml （明喻）是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。明喻的表达方法是：A像B。It makes a comparis
23、on between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.To make the comparison,words like“as”,“as.as”,“as if”and“like”are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.They all came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree.(Para.31)Man enjo
24、ys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill.(Para.24)第15页/共18页II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesMetaphor metf(r)（暗喻）以此物隐喻彼物，将某一事物以另一个与其相似的事物来表达，是一种含蓄的比喻，暗示有比较，但又不充分说出这种比较 It is like a simile,also makes a comparison between two unlike elements,but unlike a simile,this comparison is implied rather than stated.He seems to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck.(Para.20)It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there,out of his depth.(Para.29)第16页/共18页第17页/共18页感谢您的观看！第18页/共18页