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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1、 what is lexicology.Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with complex and compound words. 2、 morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology, morpheme is a
2、basic concept. Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. Semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. Etymology is the study of the whole hi
3、story of words. First P2 second third 3、 lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.4、 Major features of words: 1. a
4、word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment.2. a word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.3. the word is an uninterruptible unit.4. a word has to do with its social function.5. a word may consist of one or more morphemes.6. Words are pa
5、rt of the large communication system we call language. 7. A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.5、 Lexical words: are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Grammatical words are words like pronouns, prepositions, demonstrative, determiners, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and so on. 6、
6、 The morphemes are the ultimate grammatical constituents, the smallest meaningful units of language.One morpheme: boy, desire, say Two morphemes: boy+ish, desire+able Three morphemes: boy+ish+ness, desire+able+ity Four morphemes: gentle+men+li+ness, un+desire+able+ity7、 Phonemes, which are the small
7、est working units of sound per se, build up into morphemes, a morpheme is composed of one or more phonemes.8、 Lexical item as a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Lexeme is considered an abstract linguistic
8、unit with different variants.9、 Types of morphemes: 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 4 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. Bound morphemes and free morphemes 2. Derivational and inflectional morphemes 10、seven types of meaning: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflecte
9、d meaning, collocative meaning, thematic meaning.11、conceptual meaning, which is sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning, refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary.12、connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression by virtue of what it refers to , over and above its pu
10、rely conceptual content. Connotations vary from age or age, from society to society, and from individual to individual within the same speech community.13、roots tend to have a core meaning which is in some way modified by the affix, but determining meaning is sometimes tricky.14、polysemy refers to t
11、he situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.15、homonymy refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape.16、Old English period450-1066: features: the vocabulary of Old English is almost purely Germanic, a large part of this vocabulary has disappeared
12、 from the language.The Middle English period 1066-1500: features: some of the changes were the results of the Norman Conquest and the conditions which followed that event; others were a continuation of tendencies that had begun to appear in Old English; in grammar, English changed from a highly infl
13、ected language to an analytical one. The English vocabulary was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. Early Modern English period 1500-1800: the advent of the printing revolution marked its beginning. Pri
14、nting played a major role in fostering the norms of spelling and pronunciation. Throughout the modern period, written English has been quite uniform. It is the transitional period from Middle English to Modern English period.The Modern English period 1800-present: unprecedented growth of scientific
15、vocabulary; the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language; the emergence of other varieties known as New Englishes.17、major influences on English: The Scandinavian influence The Norman Conquest The Latin influence 18、borrowing is the process of imitating a word from a forei
16、gn language and, at least partly, adapting it in sound or grammar to the native language. The word thus borrowed is called a loanword or borrowing.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 4 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 19、three ways of extending the word stock: borrowing words that already exist in other languages;
17、 creating entirely new words; forming new words from existing resources within the word stock.20、English has some built-in processes of creating words: the addition of prefixes and suffixes; blending; compounding; conversion; back formation.21、inflection refers to a general grammatical process which
18、 combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words. P55看表格的例子 22、affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base. Derivation refers to the creation of a new word by means of the addition of an affix to a stem. Two principal kinds of affixation: prefixing a
19、nd suffixing. Prefixes like un-, pre-, and dis-serve to change the meaning of words, though not usually their part of speech. Suffixes and prefixes often change the grammatical class of words.23、compounding refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining or putting togethe
20、r old words. Characteristics : phrases on phonological, syntactic, and semantic grounds.24、conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.P67看 Noun-verb: 看 P68 表格 看 P74表格 25、backformation is the making of a new word
21、 from an older word which is mistakenly assumed to be its derivative.26、antonymy refers to the relationship of oppositeness of meaning between words. 26、there are many different sources of idioms: every-day life; food and cooking; agricultural life; nautical life and military life; many idioms are r
22、elated to parts of the body, animals, and colors.28、idioms can be divided into three groups: The first group has irregular form but clear meaning.The second group has a regular form but an unclear meaning.The third group is irregular both in form and meaning.Two features of idioms: ambiguity and syn
23、tactic peculiarities 29、types of dictionaries: general and specialized dictionaries monolingual and bilingual dictionaries electronic and print dictionaries 30、Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English All the definitions are written using the Longman defining vocabulary of just 2000 common words.T
24、he top 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English are highlighted to show which are the most important to know.Whether In print, on DVD-ROM, online, via a PDA or mobile phone, the user can access language support whenever and wherever he/she wants.31、a euphemism is a word or phrase that
25、replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid frightening or unpleasant subjects. 32、classification of euphemisms P122 1. Terms of foreign and/or technical origin e.g. copulation, perspire 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 4 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2.abbreviations e.g. SOB for son of a bitch 3.abstractions a
26、nd ambiguities e.g. it for excrement 4.indirections e.g. unmentionables, privates 5.mispronunciation e.g. goldarnit, dadgummit 6.litotes or reserved understatement e.g. not exactly thin for fat 7.changing nouns to modifiers e.g. makes her look slutty for is a slut 8. Slang e.g. pot for marijuana, la
27、id for sex 33、slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. A slang word is often an informal and transient lexical item used by a specific social group.34、ameliorations refer to the development of more favorable meaning for words. A development of the meaning in the opposite direction, which is perhaps more frequent, is called pejoration. P129 第一个表格 35、metaphor is very common in English. It is often considered as a variation in the expression of meanings.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 4 页