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1、1 英语词汇学教程参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 1 1.The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words.Yet,they have different focuses.Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words,while definition 2 on the overall structure and history.Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of li
2、nguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon.It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study.For Definition 1,it is words,for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language,and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2.(1)They can go into the room,
3、and if they like,shut the door.(2)You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o clock.(3)I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3.(1)when it follows?-t and?-d,it is pronounced as id;(2)when it follows voiceless consonants,it is pronounced as t;(3)when it follows
4、 voiced consonants and vowels,it is pronounced as d.4.(1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of tree.(2)They represent the forms of the verb fly and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of?telephone communication .(4)They are synonyms,related to human visual pe
5、rception.Specifically,they denote various kinds of looking.5.(a)?blackboard:a board with a dark smooth surface,used in schools for writing with chalk(the primary stress in on black);?blackbird:a particular kind of bird,which may not necessarily be black in colour(the primary stress in on black);?gre
6、yhound:a slender,swift dog with keen sight(the primary stress in on black),?White House:the residence of the US President in Washington(the primary stress in on black).0(b)black?board:any board which is black in colour(both words receive primary stress);black?bird:any bird which is black in colour(b
7、oth words receive primary stress);grey?hound:any hound that is grey in colour(both words receive primary stress);?white?house:any house that is painted white(both words receive primary stress).6.There are 44 orthographic words,i.e.sequences of letters bounded by space.There are 24 open class words a
8、nd 20 closed class words.7.(a)The?bull is literal,referring to a male bovine animal.(b)?Take the bull by the horn is an idiom,meaning?(having the courage to)deal with someone or something directly.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 9 页 -2(c)?Like a bull in a china shopis an idiom,meaning doing something
9、 with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d)A?bull market is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits.8.cup,mug,glass,tumbler,tankard,goblet,bowl,beaker,wineglass,beer glass,sherry
10、glass They can be organized in a number of ways,for example,by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic:glass,tumbler,cup,mug,beaker,bowl Beer:beer glass,tankard Wine:wineglass,goblet Spirits:sherry glass Chapter 2 1.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants,for example,si
11、ng as against sang,sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent,the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example,moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes:moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph,such as cat,chair,-ing,
12、-s,etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme,for example,t,d and id are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2.quick-ly,down-stair-s,four-th,poison-ous,weak-en,world-wide,inter-nation-al-ly,in-ject,pro-trude 3.island,surname,disclose,duckling,cranberry,reading,
13、poets,flavourfulness,famous,subvert 4.(a)?(b)-ai 5.(1)?s,-s(2)-est,-s(3)ing(4)ed 6.The connotations are as follows:(1)slang,carrying the connotation of reluctance,(2)informal,carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child,(3)beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland,carrying th
14、e connotation of disgust,(4)carrying the connotation of formalness,(5)carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7.-?m;-n;-n;-i:-s;-z;-iz 8.court:polysemy dart:polysemy 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 9 页 -3 fleet:homonymy jam:homonymy pad:homonymy steep:homonymy stem:homonymy stuff:polysemy watch
15、:polysemy 9.(1)(f),(2)(g),(3)(c),(4)(e),(5)(a),(6)(d),(7)(b)10.(1)unpractical(2)break(3)impractical(4)rout(5)pedals(6)Route(7)raze Chapter 3 1.The history of English can be divided into four periods:the Old,Middle,Early middle and Modern English periods.In Old English period,there is a frequent use
16、of coinages known as?kennings,which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds.The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements.The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introdu
17、ction of a number of?loan translations.Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings.And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period,English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly.In grammar,English cha
18、nged from a highly inflected language to an analytic language.In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period,English vocabulary grew very fast through extens
19、ive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns.And there was a great many semantic changes,as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary,the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of th
20、e language,and the emergence of other varieties known as?New Englishes.2.appeareth in(a)becomes appeared in(b),and dreame becomes dream.The passive were departed becomes the active had gone.With the change of word forms,(b)looks simple morphologically.3.barf:American slang kerchief:French mutton:Fre
21、nch cadaver:Latin goober:Kongo leviathan:Latinginseng:Chinese taffy:North American kimono:Japanese 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 9 页 -4 whisky:Irish caddy:Malay sphere:Latinalgebra:Arabic giraffe:African 4.train:meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extended meanings.d
22、eer:meaning narrowed from?beast or?animal to?a particular kind of animal knight:meaning ameliorated from?boy,manservant to?a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood meat:meaning narrowed down from?food to?the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit .hose:meaning extended
23、 from?leg covering to?a long tube for carrying water .5.sell:specialized hound:specialized starve:specialized wife:specializedloaf:specialized 6.American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1.rea
24、d+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2.book:books(n.);books(v.),booking,booked forget:forgets,forgot,forgotten short:shortter,shortest snap:snaps,snapping,snapped take:takes,taking,took,taken goose:geese heavy:heavier,heaviest 3.ish:meaning?h
25、aving the nature of,like de-:meaning?the opposite of-ify:meaning?make,become-dom:means?the state of 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 9 页 -5 il-(im-/in-):meaning?the opposite of,not-able:meaning?that can or must bemis-:meaning?wrongly or badly-sion(-tion):meaning?the state/process ofpre-:meaning?prior
26、to-ment:meaning?the action of re-:meaning?againunder-:meaning?not enough-al:meaning?the process or state of4.a.They are endocentric compounds.They have the Adj+N structure,in which adjectives are used to modify nouns?line,line,neck,room .Hotline means?a telephone number that people can call for info
27、rmation .Mainline means?an important railway line between two cities.Redneck means?a person from the southern US .Darkroom means?a room with very little in it,used for developing photographs.b.They are endocentric compounds.They have the N+N structure.Bookshelf means?a shelf for keeping books .Bread
28、basket means?a container for serving bread .Mailbox means?a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house.Wineglass means?a glass for drinking wine .c.They are endocentric compounds.They have the N+N structure.Letterhead means?the head of a letter(i.e.the name and address of an organizat
29、ion printed at the top of a letter).Roadside means?the area at the side of a road .Keyhole means?the hole in a lock for putting the key in.Hilltop means?the top of a hill .d.They are exocentric compounds.Dropout means?a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies.Go-between mean
30、s?a person who takes messages between people .Turnout means?the number of people who come to an event.Standby means?a person or thing that can always be used if needed.e.They are endocentric compounds.They have the Adj+N-edstructure,in which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed.f.They are endocent
31、ric compounds.They have the N+Adj structure,meaning As Adj As N.5.in-:not,the opposite of en-:to put into the condition of dis-:not,the opposite of un-:not,the opposite of inter-:between,among mis-:wrongly or badly over-:too much re-:again post-:after 6.a.a young dog;piglet b.a female editor;hostess
32、 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 9 页 -6 c.a place for booking tickets;refinery d.one who is kicked;trainee e.the state of being put up;output 7.unbelievable:un-(prefix),-able(suffix)inexhaustible:in-(prefix),-ible(suffix)multinational:multi(prefix)-,-al(suffix)teleshopping:tele-(prefix),-ing(suffix)8
33、.a.initialism b.blending pounding d.conversion pounding,affixation pounding,affixation pounding,shortening pounding,affixation 10.a.consumable,comprehensible,exchangeable,permissible b.absorbent,assistant,different,participant c.constructor,liar,beggar,editor,developer d.elementary,stationary,brewer
34、y,mockery Chapter 5 1.(a)connotation(b)formality(c)dialect(d)connotation 2.water rainwater,brine,tap water,mineral water,spring water,purified water,aerated water,.3.(a)keeping(b)feeling of admiration or respect 4.(a)hyponymy(b)meronymy 5.(a)light beer,strong beer(b)heavy coffee,strong coffee,weak c
35、offee 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 9 页 -7 6.amateurdabbler,funny ridiculous,occupationprofession,small little,famousrenowned,fiction fable,smellscent 7.These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams.Drawing:picture or diagram made with a pen,pencil,or crayon.Cartoon refers to?an amus
36、ing drawing in a newspaper or magazine .Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is,how something works,etc.Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book,magazine etc.to explain something.Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not ha
37、ve many details.8.(a)gradable(b)non-gradable,reversive(c)gradable(d)non-gradable,reversive(e)gradable(f)non-gradable 9.(a)antonym(b)hyponymy(c)antonym(d)synonymy(e)meronymy Chapter 6 1.1)literal expression 2)idiom3)literal expression 4)idiom 5)idiom 6)literal expression 2.1)die 2)something that make
38、s a place less attractive 3)suddenly realize or understand something 4)make one s friends disappoint 5)continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6)react quickly so as to get an advantage 3.1)gradually reduce the amount of time,money,etc.2)give support and encoura
39、gement to someone in a game,competition,etc 3)give something to the person it belongs to 4)annoy 5)fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6)try to find out the facts about something 7)live under the rule of someone 8)talk to someone in order to find out his opinions,ideas,feelings etc.9)give someo
40、ne a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon,including meanings,pronunciations,usages,and histories of the words of their language.Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.名师资料总结
41、-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 9 页 -8 2.They are different in that different media are used.Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light.Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry.3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a)symbolise(b)symbol of sth is a person,an o
42、bject,an event,etc.that represents a more general quality or situation;symbol for sth is a sign,number,letter,etc.that has a fixed meaning,especially in science,mathematics and music(a)/sim b?lik/and/sim ba:lik/(b)represent(c)2(d)Yes.We know that form the label VN and the examples.Chapter 8 1.vertic
43、ally challenged short sanitation engineergarbage collector ethnic cleansing-genocide ladies cloak room women s toilet 2.(1)They differ in connotation.Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval.(2)They differ in connotation.Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3)They differ in connotatio
44、n.flatter implies disapproval,while praise implies approval.(4)They differ in connotation.pedant implies disapproval,scholar is neutral.3.(1)buttocks buns(2)nonsense bullshit(3)prison can(4)cocaine coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights,please.(b)Would you please turn off the lights?5.Answers vary from pers
45、on to person.6.(1)on a formal occasion.(2)when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3)when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4)when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7.gateway,firewall,virus,bookmark,address,DOS,cyberspace,profiler,browser,login 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8
46、页，共 9 页 -9 8.They differ in the terms they used,as they are different jargons.Chapter 9 1.knife:an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes:things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building:a structure made of a strong material,having roof,walls,windows,and doors 2.She attacked every weak
47、point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3.The suffix ee is typically attached to a verb meaning?one who is the object of the verb .This meaning is considered as th
48、e core meaning of the form.So,trainee means?one who is being trained .But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix.Suffix ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the?objectmeaning.So?standee means?one who stands.4.In?good baby,?good means?well-behaved,not causing trouble;in?good parent,?goodmeans?kind,generous,considerate,etc.5.(1)is used to show sad feelings while(2)is used as an apology.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 9 页 -