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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 其次讲 定语从句与倒装句一、复习：虚拟语气1I wish _ 我年轻的时候有你们这样的时机. 2If only _ 他知道这病是可以治好的. Then he would not have killed himself. 3 Would you like him to paint your door with yellow stars. I d rather he _ _ 漆成蓝色的,而且不带任何装饰 . 4 It s high time that _ _ 实行措施解决交通堵塞的问题 . 5 Hugh usually talks _ _ 似乎在大
2、会上发表演说似的 . 6 We insist that _ 让杰克马上进医院 . 7 We are going to discuss his suggestion that _ 取消期中考试 . 8 It is essential that _ _每个人都为紧急情形做好预备 . 9 _ 假如他依据我告知他的方法订票 , we would have had quite a comfortable journey. 10 I was to have made a speech _ _要不是有人把我的话打断了 . 11 _ 假如我始终住在纽约 , I would know the U.S. well
3、 now. 12 If the doctor had not come in time, _ 他现在就不在人间了 . 13 But for his help, _ 我们就不会以这么低的价格租到房子了 . 14 Were I in your place, _ 我会毫不徘徊地抓住时机 . 15 Had it not been for their opposition, _ 这项法案早就通过了 . 二、语法讲解定语从句 Attributive clauses 在句中修饰名词或代词的从句,因其修饰作用相当于形容词,故称形容词性从句,即通常所说的定语从句；被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词；构成 : 先行词 +
4、 关系词 + 从句1关系代词：1who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语；关系代词充当宾语可以省略；例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you. who/that 在从句中作主语 He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. whom/that 在从句中作宾语2whose 用来指人或物,在定语从句中作定语,； 例如：Please pass me the book whose cover is red.指物The lawyer whose name is Wang Ji
5、n lives in Nanjing. 指人3which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可做主语、宾语等；例如：Great changes which / that have never been seen before appears in the countryside. which / that 在句中作主语The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了；which / that 在句中作宾语2. 关系副词引导的定语从句名师归纳总结 when = on in
6、, at, during + which; 第 1 页,共 7 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - where = in at, on + which; why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day when =on which he arrived. The office where =in which he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why =for which we did it. 注：先行词是 the way 时,其
7、后的定语从句关系词有三种,例如：I like the way in which / that the teacher gives his lessons. 从句缺少的是主语、宾语仍是状语是确定用关系代词仍是关系副词的关键；也就是说要看先行词在定语从句中担任什么成分试比较：I will never forget the day which/that I spent in Hongkong. spent 是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略 I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherlan
8、d. 从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词The reason that/which he gave for not coming to school yesterday is unbelievable. gave 是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略 The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday is unbelievable. 从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词3. 关系代词 that 与 which ；that 与 who 的一些特别用法：指物时,关系代词 that 和 which 一
9、般情形下可换用,但以下几种情形下 一般用 that ：1先行词是 all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much 等不定代词；或是先行词被 all, every, some, any, no, few, little 等修饰时：Is there anything that I can do for you in town. 注：当 something 确指某物或某事时,用that 或 which 都可以,如：There is something that/which keeps worrying me
10、. 有一件事始终令我担心；” 2 先行词被形容词最高级或有序数词 the first, the second , the last This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时：The only thing that matters is to find our way home. 4 先行词既有人又有物时：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered in the school. 5 当主句是由who 或 whi
11、ch 引导的特别问句时,为防止重复,定语从句中常用that：Who is the man that is standing by the door. Which is the dictionary that you bought yesterday. 只能用 which 的两种情形1 非限制性定语从句 ,先行词为物 e.g. Yangtze river, which is the third longest river, lies in China. 2 整句话当先行词 It rained a lot, which made a flood happened 只能用 as, 不能用 which
12、, that, who 的两种情形 1 先行词被 such, the same 修饰时e.g. Ive never heard of such a terr ible earthquake as you told me. You are using the same pen as I lost yesterday. 像,两支 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - You are using the same pen that I lost yesterday.正是,同一支2 非限制性定语从句提前 ,关系词用 as, “正
13、如 所知道 ,所期望 的一样 ” e.g. As we know ,Taiwan belongs to China, 当先行词是anyone, those, these, he, she等代词表 “ 人”时,一般用who 而不用 that：Anyone who wants a ticket please sign your name here. Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a
14、true man. 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,通常用 that 而不用 who：He is no longer the man that he used to be. 4. 一种特别的非限制性定语从句在非限制性定语从句中,有时依据句子意思,常把some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either 等词、分数或百分比与 of whom 或 of which 连用；He has five children, two of whom are abroad. 比较： He has five children, and t
15、wo of them are abroad. We have tested three hundred types of boots, none of which is/are completely waterproof. 比较： We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof. 定语从句中易犯的错误1. 在定语从句中加了余外的定语e.g. Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. them 2. 把定语从句谓语动词
16、的单复数弄错 e.g. Anyone who break the rules will be punished. breaks Those who has finished may go home. have He is the only one of the teachers who know English in our school. knows This is one of the rooms that is free now. are 3. 误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词 e.g. Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
17、 who / that 4. 定语从句中加了余外的关系副词或介词 a. The house where he lives in needs repairing. where he lives 或 that he lives in b I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing. the day when 或 the day on which 5. 在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用关系代词或关系副词 I still remember the day when we spent together. that / which
18、This is the house where we lived in last year. that /which 6. 在先行词 reason 后错用关系副词 why I don t believe the reason why he has given for his being late. that /which 7. 主句不完整 ,第一要补充完整 This factory is that I worked in. the one 8. what 引导的名词性从句做主语 ,宾语 ,表语 That can be done has already been done. what 9. 误将
19、强调句型当定语从句 I was in the kitchen where the fire broke out. that 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 练习：1All _ is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which 2He paid the boys $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. thes
20、e B. those C. that D. which 3In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 4Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy. A .who B. which C. this D. what 5 John is the only one of
21、the students who _ French John is one of the students who _ French Aknow B knows Cknowing D known 6 This is the knife _ I usually cut my pencilThis is the knife _ I usually use to cut my pencilAwith which B which C by which D with that 7 Who lives in the house _ windows face south ？ Who lives in the
22、 house _ the windows face south ？Awhose Bwhich C of which D that 8 Is this factory _ you visited last year ？Is this the factory _ you visited last year ？Athat Bof which C the one Dwhere 9 When I have trouble ,he is the only one _I can ask for help When I have trouble ,he is the only one _ I can go f
23、or help Awhom B to whom C which D to who 10 The reason _ he gave us was that his car broke down on the wayThe reason _he was late was that his car broke down on the way Afor which B which C how D what 翻译：The social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, 其中较 大的一笔到明年将全部用完；The road
24、of life is long, but only a few steps are crucial especially during some years 当人年轻的时候 . 孩子们花费的时间in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people. April Fool s Day is that special day of the year 在这一天你可以 戏弄别人 . 易混题一定语从句与并列句留意用标点符号和连接词a
25、nd, but 等来区分；1.Mr Li has three daughters, none of_ is an engineer. 2.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of_ is a dancer. 3.Mr Li has three daughters; _ are doctors. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 二. 定语从句与地点状语从句看是否有先行词,假如有,就是定语从句,假如没有,就是状语从句1.Rice doesnt grow well _ there is
26、 not enough water. 2.I still remember the farm_ my parents worked ten years ago. 三. 定语从句与强调句强调句型可以复原成正常语序的句子,也就是说,强调句型中去掉It be that 后,句子仍然通顺,意义也依旧完整,只是没有那么强调突出；而定语从句去掉了 It be that 后句子 就不完整了；1. It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport. It is the morning of May 1st _ I met John at t
27、he airport. 2. It is in the factory _John works. It is the factory _John works. 四. 定语从句与结果状语从句在定语从句中, 假设先行词被such 修饰时, 关系词要用as, 组成 such as结构 .这个结构与状语从句 such that 如此 以致 很相像,要留意区分；假设从句中的及物动词后无宾语,就是定语从句,用 such as.否就就是状语从句,用such that. 1.I have the same computer _you have. as 2. She is such a kind girl _a
28、ll of us like to make friends with her. that 五. 定语从句与习惯句型 . 留意固定句型：It is the first/second/third time that+ 从句从句用现在完成时1.It is the first time _she has been in Shanghai. 2.It was the time _Chinese people had a hard life. 六. 定语从句与单句 留意标点符号； 两个单句间用句号,而定语从句两个句子间用逗号；1.The mother told the lazy boy to work,
29、_didnt help 2.The mother told the lazy boy to work. _didnt help. 1、倒装句 Inversion 英语的基本语序是“ 主语+谓语” ；假如将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前,这种语序称为“ 倒装”；一、倒装的类型类型例句说明完全倒装Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends. 整个谓语移至主语之前；同学们涌出去欢送外国伴侣；部分倒装Seldom does he go to school late. 只把系动词,情态动词,助动词或表语放在主语之前；二、倒装结构的基本用法
30、1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装情 况例句说明疑问句中Have you got a dictionary. 用完全或部分倒装, 但以疑问词Where did he go last Monday. Are you listening to the radio. Which boy broke this glass. 或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的 疑问句要用正常语序；“there be 结构中There are three wells in our village. There stands a big paper making factory by the river. 名师归纳总结 - - -
31、 - - - -第 5 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 情 况例句说明在以 here, there, now, Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你一封信；使用完全倒装结构；then, in, up, 但假如主语是代词就用正常语There goes the bell. 铃响了；away, down 等副词开Now comes your turn to play. 现在轮到你玩了；序；头的句中Look, there he comes. 看,他来了；表示 也不这样,neither 和 norDown she went 她下来了；在以 nor
32、I cant swim, nor neithercan she .neither 或意思相同,可以替换使用,no He hasn been to the countryside, neither does he no more开头的句子中want to go there. more ；He did not turn up. No more did his wife. 用在 as尽管引导Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to see me . 从属连句as 用于特别语序,含的让步状语从句中义与 though, although 相同,但尽管这些贵族很高傲
33、,他却可怕见我；Young as he is, he knows a lot . 虽然他年轻,却知道许多东西；2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装；使句子更加流畅,更加生动“ as” 这种结构可表示特别剧烈 的对比,必需用倒装 表语提前情 况 例 句 说 明含有否认意义的副 Never before have we seen such a sight. 常 用 否 认 词 有 : never, not, hardly, 词或连词放在句首 Not until New Years Day shall I give you a gift. scarcely seldom, little, not until
34、, not 时 Not only was everything that he had taken away only but also, no sooner than, from him, but also his German citizenship. Hardly had he seem me when he ran away. hardly scarcely when 等；一般主句 用部分倒装结构；副词 only 放在句首 Only then did he realize his mistakes . only 起强调作用,其句型为“only +时 Only in this way c
35、an you learn maths well . 状语 +部分倒装” ；Only Mother can understand me . 如置于句首的 only 修饰主语,就不用Only three of us failed in the exam. 倒装结构；虚拟语气条件从句 Were they here, they would help us . 把从句中 if 省略将 were,had 或 should中 Had I been informed earlier. I could have done 放在主语的前面；something. Should you fail, take more
36、 pain and try again. 直接引语的全部或“ He is a clever boy”said the teacher. 主句主语和谓语次序颠倒,用完全倒一部分放在句首时“ Go, Dick, go. ” cried Tom,“Go home and get 装；help”但假如主句主语为代词时或谓语部分“ What do you think of the film. ” he asked. 比主语长,一般不用倒装；“ I m leaving for Hongkong next month” Mary told me yesterday. 表示希望的句子中May you succ
37、eed. 祝你胜利；谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的Long live the Communist Party of China. 前面；中国共产党万岁！副词 so 在句首He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I . 表示前面所说的情形也适合于另一个They will learn chemistry next term, so will I . 人或另一事物的确定句中；I can drive a car, so can my younger brother. Tom won the first prize for the English 假如后面的句
38、子只是单纯重复前句的名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 情 况例句说明在频度状语 often, competition. So he did. 意思,不表示也适用于另一人或事,英语竞赛汤姆获得了一等奖；的确如此；就不用倒装结构；It was cold yesterday. So it was 的确冷；Often did we warn them not to do so. always, many a time我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做；等开头的句子中Many a time has she helped me wit
39、h my English. 她不止一次地帮忙或学习英语；在方式状语 thus 开 Thus ended his life. 这样终止了他的生命；头的句子中及程度 So loudly did he speak that even people in the 状语 so 放句首 next room could hear him . 他讲话的声音那样大, 连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见；介词短语作状语,放In the middle of the room stood a little girl. 在句首在房间中心站着一个小女孩；In the distance was a horse.马在远处；在强调表语的
40、句子Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great 表语提前,不仅为了强调,而且为了中achievements. 使句子结构到达平稳和谐,或使上下Such is life. 生活就是这样；文紧密连接；Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island. 邻近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船；翻译：Television was not invented by any one person, 的. The organization had broken no rules, but 定. 也不是一夜之间就显现 也没有很负责地执行规名师归纳总结 虽然他年龄不大, he knows a lot of things. 第 7 页,共 7 页- - - - - - -