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1、Locomotor System运动系统运动系统 The locomotor system includes bones,joints and muscles.Bones-OsteologyJoints or articulations-ArthrologySkeletal muscles-MyologyIntroduction1bonesjointsmuscles motive forceskeletonframeworkmovementprotectionstorage of mineralsformation of blood cells2Osteology 骨学骨学 Bones in
2、adult are 206 in number,with the exception of six auditory ossicles,the other bones can be divided into the skull,the bones of the trunk and the appendicular bones.Bone is one of the hardest structure of the body,possesses also a certain degree of toughness(韧性),elasticity(弹性)and some shape.Each bone
3、 is an organ and has its blood and nerve supply.3Classification of bone Bones are classified according to their position and shape.按部位分为颅骨、躯干骨和四肢骨按部位分为颅骨、躯干骨和四肢骨 skullbones of trunkappendicular skeletonAxial bonesIntroduction4按骨的形态分为四类按骨的形态分为四类Long bonePosition:limbsShape:tubular Action:leversShaftE
4、xtremity(epiphyses)Epiphysial linesqDiaphysis or shaft which is hollow(called medullary cavity,filled with bone marrow)qTwo endsepiphysis:articular surface,metaphysis epiphysial cartilage and epiphysial line5Short bonePosition:wrist,footAction:bear pressure6Flat boneInclude:ribs,sternum,scapulae,bon
5、es of skullAction:protectionIn the flat bones of the skull,the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate,while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo7Irregular bones have any irregular or mixed shape,e.g.vertebrae,some cranial bones,hip bones,pneumatic bonesSesamoid bon
6、es develop within tendon8 Structures of boneBone substancecompact bone spongy bone:trabeculaePeriosteum and endosteum Bone marrow:Red marrow and Yellow marrow9101112 Chemical composition and physical propertiesOrganic material Inorganic salts Organic materialInorganic saltsChildren 1 1Adult 3 7Old 1
7、 4 physical properties softer deformedfracture13Arthrology 关节学关节学 The bones are connected together by means of fibrous connective tissue,cartilaginous or osseous tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are called the joint or articulation.14纤维连结纤维连结软骨连结和骨性结合软骨连结和骨性结合 （一）纤维
8、连结（一）纤维连结Fibrous Joint 1.韧带连结韧带连结Syndesmosis 2.缝缝Suture直接连接直接连接(Solid joints)间接连接间接连接(Synovial joints)一、直接连接一、直接连接滑膜关节滑膜关节Introduction Classification There are two main types of articulations or joint.Continuous jointsDiscontinuous joints15（二）软骨连结和骨性结合（二）软骨连结和骨性结合骨与骨之间借软骨相连，形成软骨连结骨与骨之间借软骨相连，形成软骨连结(c
9、artilaginous joints)。1.透明软骨结合透明软骨结合Synchondrosis：第一肋与胸骨之间的结合：第一肋与胸骨之间的结合 2.纤维软骨结合纤维软骨结合Symphysis：椎间盘：椎间盘 3.骨性结合骨性结合Synostosis：骶椎之间的结合：骶椎之间的结合16 间接连接间接连接滑膜关节滑膜关节 Synovial Joint（一）基本构造（一）基本构造1.关节面关节面Articular Surfaces 关节头关节头关节窝关节窝2.关节囊关节囊Articular Capsule 纤维膜纤维膜滑膜滑膜 3.关节腔关节腔Articular Cavity 关节头关节头关节窝关
10、节窝Aticular cartilage 关节软骨关节软骨 17(二二)辅助结构辅助结构1.韧带韧带Ligament囊内韧带囊内韧带囊外韧带囊外韧带2.关节内软骨关节内软骨(1)关节盘关节盘Articular Disc (2)关节唇关节唇Articular Labrum 囊外韧带囊外韧带囊内韧带囊内韧带关节唇关节唇3.滑膜襞滑膜襞 滑膜囊滑膜囊关节盘关节盘18(三）滑膜关节的运动三）滑膜关节的运动1.屈屈 Flexion和和 伸伸Extension:关节沿冠状轴进行的运动关节沿冠状轴进行的运动在足部屈称为在足部屈称为跖屈跖屈,伸称为伸称为背屈。背屈。192.内收内收 Adduction和和 外
11、展外展Abduction:关节沿矢状轴进行的运动关节沿矢状轴进行的运动矢状轴矢状轴展展203.旋内旋内 Medial rotation和旋外和旋外Lateral rotation:关节沿垂直轴进行关节沿垂直轴进行的运动的运动在前臂旋内称为在前臂旋内称为旋前旋前(pronation)，旋外称为，旋外称为旋后旋后(supination)214.环转运动环转运动Circumduction(四）滑膜关节的分类四）滑膜关节的分类（自学）（自学）22Myology 肌学肌学 Movements at joints are controlled and produced mainly by muscles,
12、which are attached to bones.All movement is made about by muscle contracting,with the consequent action of pulling across joints changing the relative positions of the bones involved.The skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle because its contraction is under the voluntary control.2324一、肌一、肌Muscle的形态和构造
13、的形态和构造肌腹肌腹 Muscle Belly 肌腱肌腱 Tendon腱划腱划阔肌阔肌腱膜腱膜aponeurosis轮匝肌轮匝肌二腹肌二腹肌Introduction25origininsertionmuscle bellytendonOrigin-insertion position action二二、肌的起止、肌的起止、配布和作用、配布和作用26原动肌原动肌拮抗肌拮抗肌原动肌原动肌拮抗肌拮抗肌27三、肌的辅助装置三、肌的辅助装置（一）（一）筋膜筋膜 Fascia浅筋膜浅筋膜深筋膜深筋膜28滑膜囊滑膜囊臀大肌臀大肌股骨股骨（二）滑膜囊（二）滑膜囊 Synovial Bursa 29（三）腱鞘（
14、三）腱鞘 Tendinous Sheath Fibrous layer Synovial layer:mesotendon30Synovial cyst of wrist31四、肌的发生四、肌的发生躯干两侧的肌节躯干两侧的肌节头部的鰓弓间充质头部的鰓弓间充质躯干肌、四肢肌和部躯干肌、四肢肌和部分头部肌分头部肌头颈部肌和斜方肌头颈部肌和斜方肌32头颈肌头颈肌上肢肌上肢肌躯干肌躯干肌下肢肌下肢肌33小小 结结掌掌握握：骨骨的的分分类类；骨骨的的构构造造；滑滑膜膜关关节节的的基基本本结构和辅助结构。结构和辅助结构。了了解解：运运动动系系统统的的组组成成及及功功能能;骨骨的的功功能能、化化学学成成分分和和物物理理性性质质,骨骨连连结结的的分分类类;滑滑膜膜关关节节的的分分类类及及运运动动,直直接接连连结结的的形形式式与与特特点点；肌肌的的形形态态、构构造造;肌肌的的起起止止、配配布布，筋筋膜膜和和腱腱鞘鞘的的概概念念,肌肌的发生部位。的发生部位。34