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1、习语的翻译策略四字格的翻译策略三、习语汉译英习语的范围1.成语:“人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定性的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。”（陈文伯）setphrases;idioms2.惯用语：idioms3.俗语:“通俗流行之语”或“约定俗成广泛通行之语”sayings4.谚语:“在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。”proverbs5.歇后语：由前后两部分构成，前一部分多为比喻，后一部分说明喻义。two-partallegoricalsayings6.格言警句:maxim习语的特点习语集中反映一个民族或文化的特色习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现习语是语言中
2、独立的、不规则的、固定的成分。第一、二两点对译者的要求是什么？第三点对译者的要求是什么？第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。第三点要求译者不要把习语当作普通语句来处理，须避免字字对译。习语翻译的指导思想“直译基础上的意译”陆殿扬：“Translateliterally,ifpossible,or,appealtofreetranslation.”(如果可能，就直译；否则就意译）奈达：功能对等（FunctionalEquivalence:notonlytheequivalentcontentofmessage,but,insofaraspos
3、sible,anequivalenceoftheform);改变形式的五个条件直译会导致意义上的错误时；引入外来语形成语义空白（SemanticZero），读者有可能自己填入错误的意义时；形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时；形式对等引起作者原意所没有的歧义时；形式对等违反译入语的语法或文体规范时。习语汉译英的原则形象性原则简练性原则不可滥用字面意义直译法尽量少用意译法和直译加注法习语翻译的基本方法1.直译法：在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起译文读者错误理解的情况下，在译文中保留原文成语的形象、修辞手段和民族特色2.同义习语借用法:有些习语在内容形式和色彩上都符合,可借用3.意译法:无法直译,也无法借用
4、时,则意译4.直译兼意译:部分直译,部分意译,直意参半法5.省略法:四字重叠词组因追求音韵美,前后两部分意义相同或相近时,只需译出一部分或只译其意义,可以不考虑重叠的部分。6.增添法：为了更清楚地表达原意，有时要结合上下文，在译文中增添一些说明。7.还原法：有些习语源于外语，翻译时可使之还原。8.直译加注法：有些习语包含历史典故，含有中国文化色彩，如果不作一番解释，英语读者将很难理解其确切含义。9.粗俗语回避法：对于粗俗语，通常采用回避的方法，即借用英语同义习语或意译等方法来处理。1.直译法:保留原习语形象(异化)纸老虎papertiger走狗runningdog丢脸loseface和风细雨a
5、smildasadrizzleandasgentleasabreeze槁木死灰witheredwoodorcoldashes跑了和尚跑不了庙Themonkmayrunaway,butthetemplecantrunaway.竹篮打水一场空drawingwaterinabamboobasket剖腹藏珠cutopenyourstomachtohideapearl外强中干Outwardlystrongbutinwardlyweak礼尚往来Courtesyrequiresreciprocity(互惠）前怕老虎后怕狼Fearofthewolfinfrontandthetigerbehind刻骨铭心Tob
6、eengravedononesheartandbones引狼入室Toleadawolfintothehouse重见天日Toseethedaylightagain百川归海Allriversflowtothesea.画饼充饥Todrawcakestoallay减轻hunger口蜜腹剑Tobehoney-mouthedanddagger-hearted声东击西Toshoutintheeastandstrikeinthewest城门失火,殃及池鱼Afireonthecitywallbringsdisastertothefishinthemoat壕沟,护城河.路遥知马力,日久见人心Asalongroad
7、testsahorsesstrength,soalongtaskprovesapersonsheart.初生牛犊不怕虎New-borncalvesmakelittleoftigers.明枪易躲,暗箭难防Itiseasytododgedd躲避aspearintheopen,buthardtoguardagainstanarrowshotfrombehind.不能直译的习语眉飞色舞死译：Hiseyebrowsareflyingandhiscountenanceisdancing改译：Tobeamwithjoy粗枝大叶WithbigbranchesandbroadleavesTobecrude（ro
8、ugh，coarse）andcareless无孔不入TogetintoeveryholeTotakeadvantageofeveryweakness扬眉吐气ToraisetheeyebrowandletoutabreathTofeelproudandelated兴高采烈的灯红酒绿WithredlightsandgreenwineDissipated沉迷于酒色的andluxurious奢侈的纸醉金迷Withdrunkenpaperandbewitched蛊惑,使着迷gold(alifeof)luxuryanddissipation开门见山Toopenthedoorandseethemountai
9、nTocomestraighttothepoint单枪匹马WithasolitaryspearandasinglehorseTobesingle-handedindoingsth.大张旗鼓TomakeagreatarrayofflagsanddrumsOnalargeandspectacular壮观的scale海阔天空Withavastseaandaboundlesssky(Totalk)atrandom风雨飘摇Thewindandrainarerocking(ofasituation)beingunstable2.同义习语借用法:归化1)含义相同,所用比喻和形象基本一致,“心有灵犀一点通”的
10、习语,可“自然归化”混水摸鱼tofishintroubledwater火上浇油toaddfueltooil空中楼阁castlesintheair趁热打铁Strikewhiletheironishot.沧海一粟adropintheocean覆水难收nousecryingoverspiltmilk狐假虎威assinthelionsskin养虎为患towarmasnakeinonesbosom buzm本末倒置toputthecartbeforethehorse眼中钉,肉中刺athornintheflesh隔墙有耳Wallshaveears.赴汤蹈火gothroughfireandwater过河拆桥
11、kickdowntheladder格格不入belikesquarepegs支柱inroundholes乳臭未干bewetbehindtheears魂不附体jumpoutofonesskin2)形象不同,寓意相同的,亦可借用，但是文化发生冲突时，要谨慎处理，不能随意借用。小题大做makeamountainoutofamolehill鼹鼠丘（可借用）班门弄斧：toteachafishtoswim（可借用）谋事在人，成事在天Manproposes,Goddisposes.清除（不可借用）3)不借用形象或比喻的,可放心借用迂回曲折twistsandturns断断续续offandon乱七八糟atsixe
12、sandsevens挖空心思torackonesbrains针锋相对togivetitfortat归化？异化？你来选择竭泽而渔TodrainapondtocatchallthefishKillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs打草惊蛇TostirupthegrassandalertthesnakeWakeasleepingdog易如反掌AseasyasturningoveroneshandAseasyasfallingoffalog掌上明珠ApearlinthepalmTheappleofoneseye守口如瓶Tokeeponesmouthclosedlikeabott
13、leTokeepastilltongueinoneshead雪中送炭TosendcharcoalinsnowyweatherTohelpalamedogoverstile横路栅栏画蛇添足TodrawasnakeandaddfeettoitTopaintthelily3.意译法:牺牲形象,割舍文化因子胸有成竹Tohaveawell-thought-out经过周详之考虑的planbeforedoingsth桃李满天下Tohavestudentsallovertheworld叶公好龙Professedloveofwhatonereallyfears东施效颦Crudeimitationwithludi
14、crous荒谬的effect南柯一梦Afonddreamorillusoryjoy四面楚歌Tobebesiegedonallsides悬梁刺股Tobeextremelyhard-workinginonesstudies初出茅庐Atthebeginningofonescareer罄竹难书(ofcrimes)toonumeroustomention倾城倾国Tobeextremelybeautiful辎珠必较Tohaggleovereverypenny毛遂自荐Tovolunteeronesservice4.直译兼意译无亲无故withoutasinglerelativeorfriendtohelphe
15、rout斩草除根pluckuptheevilbytheroots风餐露宿bravingthewindanddew贼眉鼠眼tobehavestealthily悄悄地likeathief辗转反侧totossandturnrestlessly跃跃欲试eagertohaveatry狼吞虎咽towolfsth.Down5.省略法能工巧匠skilledcraftsman称兄道弟tocalleachotherbrothers赤手空拳tobebare-handed自吹自擂toblowonesowntrumpets心慈手软soft-hearted安家落户tomakeoneshome抛头露面tomakeoneso
16、wnappearance愁眉苦脸topullonalongface长吁短叹Sighingdeeply千真万确Quitetrue油嘴滑舌Glib能说善道的,圆滑的tongue断子绝孙mayyoudiesonless.mayyoubethelastofyourline沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。Herbeautywouldputtheflowerstoshame.6.增添法树倒猢狲散Oncethetreefalls,themonkeysonitwillfleehelter-shelter.(慌慌张张）借香敬佛borrowingjoss-sticks线香fromaneighborandburning
17、thembeforeBuddhaforyourownsake.惊弓之鸟Abirdstarteldbythemeretwang弦声ofabow-string螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后Themantisstalksthecicada,unawareoftheoriolelurkingbehinditself.风声鹤唳，草木皆兵bescaredbythesighofthewindorthecryofthecranes,fearingambushateverytreeandtuft一绺ofgrass个人自扫门前雪，不管他人瓦上霜。Sweepthesnowfromyourownfrontdoor;leaveth
18、efrostontheothermansrooftothaw融雪.Mindyourownbusiness;pokenotyournoseintootherpeoplesbusiness.木已成舟Thewoodisalreadymadeintoaboat-whatsdoneisdone.井水不犯河水Wellwaterandriverwaterleaveeachotheralone-stayoutofthingsthatdontconcernyou.7.还原法牵着鼻子走lead/beledbythenose火中取栗catspaw/topullthechestnutoutofthefire武装到了牙
19、齿bearmedtotheteeth象沙丁鱼罐头一样packedlikesardines/jammedtogetherlikesardines夹着尾巴跑了runawaywiththeirtailsbetweentheirlegs战争贩子warmonger死硬派die-hards强权政治powerpolitics8.直译加注法司马昭之心，路人皆知。毛遂自荐世外桃源画龙点睛画蛇添足三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。班门弄斧9.粗俗语回避法我要去就是王八蛋。IllbedamnedifIllgo.他妈的，雨真大。Blastit!Whataheavyrain!真该死，我没赶上末班车。Oh,hell.Ivemiss
20、edthelasttrain.你可以滚蛋了。Youcangotothedevil!四、翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法(repetition)2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法(conversion)5.词序调整法(inversion)6.分译法(division)7.正说反译,反说正译法(negation)8.语态变换法(thechangeofthevoices)习语的翻译策略一.直译直译能够比较完整地保留原习语的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格，但必须以不引起读者误解和不违背译文表达习惯为前提。例如：（1）处理人民内部的矛盾，必须坚持和风细雨的方法
21、，坚持“团结-批评-团结”的方法。Itisessentialtopersistinusingmethodsas mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze,andtoadheretotheformulaof“unity-criticism-unity”,indealingwithcontradictionsamongthepeople.（2）所以这李纨虽青春丧偶，且处于膏粱锦绣之中，竟如“槁木死灰”一般，一概不问Sothisyoungwidowlivinginthelapofluxurywasnobetteroffthanwithered wood
22、or cold ashes,takingnointerestintheoutsideworld（3）他一家子在这儿，他的房子、地在这儿，他跑？跑了和尚跑不了庙。Escape?Buthishomeandpropertycantescape.The monk may runaway,but the temple cant run with him.（4）咳！这一来，竹篮子打水一场空了！Ah!Wearedrawing water in a bamboo basket.二.意译当直译有困难或勉强译出而英语读者无法理解式，一般应采用意译法。这主要是翻译时抓住内容和喻义，牺牲形象、结合上下文比较灵活地转达
23、原意。（5）她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，她又把它吞了下去。Shewasafraidofbeing snubbed,sosheswallowedthewordsthatcametoherlips.（6）她好久不来信了，一家子盼了星星盼月亮。Formanymonthsnolettercamefromher.Tillherwholefamilyworried over her day and night.（7）我要是有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！If anything should happen to me,letYushanknow!（8）你不能戴着木头眼镜，只看一寸远。Thetroublewit
24、hyouisyou cannot see an inch beyond your nose.三.节译在汉语习语中，常有并列的对偶结构，用两个不同的喻体表达相同的喻意。对此类汉语习语通常可采用节译法，即省去并列重复的部分，保留它的基本喻意。（9）冷淡的阳光照着他们的愁眉苦脸和长发白眼。Thecold,palesunlightfellontheirgloomy faces,longhairandlustrelesseyes.（10）最可恶的是行里的同仁背后骂我是个老糊涂，瞎了眼，叫一个不学无术的三等货来做我的襄理。Whatismostdetestableisthatallmycolleaguesi
25、nthebankcallmeablindoldfoolbehindmybackbecauseIhaveengagedanuneducatedthirdraterasmyassistant.（11）忽闻有人在牡丹亭畔，长吁短叹。Suddenlyhehearedarustleinthepeonypavilionandsomeonesighing deeply.（12）“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听得小尼姑的带哭的声音。“AHQ,mayyoudie sonless!”soundedthelittlenunsvoicetearfullyinthedistance.四.直译和意译兼用在采用直译以保留原文
26、比喻形象的同时，又兼用意译，又是略作适当补充，使译文能更加清晰地传达原文含义。（13）我说二三百两银子，你就说二三十两！戴着斗笠亲嘴，差着一帽子！WhenIsaytwoorthreehundredtaels,yousaytwentyorthirty!Its like kissing in straw helmets-the lips are far apart!（14）她一个单身人，无亲无故Butthisgirlwasallbyherselfandfarfromhome,without a single relative or friend to help her.（15）王冕一路风餐露宿，九
27、十里大站，七十里小站，一径来到山东济南府地方。Braving the wind and dew,WangMiantravelleddayafterdaypastlargepostingstationsandsmall,tillhecametothecityofJinan.五.借用英语中的同义习语英语里有一些习语和汉语的一些习语采用相同或相似的形象或比喻，表达相同或相似的喻意，可以借用英语同义习语来翻译。（16）如今便赶着躲了，料也躲不及，少不得要使各“金蝉脱壳”的法子Well,itstoolatetohidenow.Imusttrytoavoidsuspicionbythrowing them
28、 off the scent（17）只有大胆地破釜沉舟地跟他们拼，也许还有翻身的那一天！Allyoucandoisto burn your boatsandfighttheminthehopethatonedayyoullcomeoutontop.（18）我没想到他对同志们的批评竟充耳不闻。Ididntexpecthimto turn a deaf ear tothecomradescriticism.天长地久asoldasthehills胆小如鼠astimidasahare泰然自若ascoolasacucumber水中捞月tofishintheair苦如黄连asbitteraswormwoo
29、d鸡皮疙瘩goose-flesh轻如鸿毛aslightasafeather旁观者清Theonlookerseesmostofthegame.艳如桃李asredasrose狐假虎威assinthelionsskin物以类聚Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.非驴非马Neitherfish,norflesh,norfowl.如释重负totakealoadoffonesmind挥金如土tospendmoneylikewater弱不禁风asweakaswater瞬息之间inthetwinkleofaneye泪如泉涌astreamoftears瓮中之鳖aratinahole扬眉吐气
30、toholdonesheadhigh一针见血totouchoneontheraw不翼而飞totakewingstoitself小题大做tomakemountainsoutofmolehills格格不入asquarepeginaroundhole山穷水尽attheendofonesrope冷若冰霜ascoldasmarble半斤八两sixofoneandhalfadozenoftheother胸有成竹tohaveacarduponessleeve孤注一掷toputalloneseggsinonebasket纸上谈兵armchairstrategy白费唇舌tospeaktothewind同行相嫉T
31、woofatradecanneveragree.一文不名withoutapennytoonesname质地优良tobeexvellentinquality品种齐全incompleterangeofarticles款式繁多withvariouspatterns选料考究choicematerial做工精细finewormanship色泽鲜明bright-coloured零售价格retailprice批发价格wholesaleprice货到付款paymentagainstarrival质地优良tobeexvellentinquality品种齐全incompleterangeofarticles款式繁多withvariouspatterns选料考究choicematerial做工精细finewormanship色泽鲜明bright-coloured零售价格retailprice批发价格wholesaleprice货到付款paymentagainstarrival