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1、Copyright Wondershare Software词法与句法Copyright Wondershare Software1.词类词类(Parts of Speech)I.词法词法(Morphology)实义词实义词(notional words)：具有一定的词汇意义，在句中可独立担任成分，如主语、定语、状语等；属于开放型(open system)，即量大且不断增加。结构词结构词(structural words)：又称功能词，主要起结构和功能作用，表示词与词或句子各部分之间的关系，或帮助构成各种时态、语态和语气等结构，如冠词、介词、连词、感叹词；属于封闭型(closed system
2、)，即词量是有限的。Copyright Wondershare Software词类词类缩写缩写特征特征例词例词句法功能句法功能实实义义词词名词名词n.表示人或事物的名称school充当主语、宾语、表语等动词动词v.表示动作或状态study/be充当谓语形容词形容词adj.表示人或事物的性质或特征young充当定语、表语等副词副词adv.修饰v./adj./adv.very/fast充当状语代词代词pron.代替名词或数词we/some充当主语、宾语、表语等数词数词num.表示数量或顺序one/first充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等结结构构词词冠词冠词art.表示名词的泛指或特指a/an
3、/the帮助构成名词词组介词介词prep.表示名词或代词与其它词的关系of/in/from帮助构成介词词组连词连词conj.连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子and/but表示并列、转折等关系感叹词感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情oh/aha充当插入成分Copyright Wondershare Software2.词形变化词形变化词类词类变化形式变化形式例词例词n.单、复数单、复数map,maps;man,men v.不定式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词不定式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词go,went,gone,goingadj./adv.原级、比较级、最高级原级、比较级、最高级hard,
4、harder,hardestpron.主格、宾格、所有格等主格、宾格、所有格等I,me,my,minenum.基数词、序数词基数词、序数词one,first;two,secondart.不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词a,an,theCopyright Wondershare Software1.句子成分(Members of Sentence)II.句法句法(Syntax)1 1）主语主语(Subject):表示句子所要描述的对象是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象，通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化形容词、分词、从句、短语来担任
5、名词化形容词、分词、从句、短语来担任。e.g.The sun rises from the east.2）谓语）谓语(Predicate):表示主语的动作或所处的状态，由动词动词担任。由一个部分独立充当的谓语称为简单谓语;由两个或更多的部分构成的谓语被称为复合谓语.e.g.They study hard.（简单）Tom can swim.（复合）John has arrived here.（复合）Copyright Wondershare Software3）宾语）宾语(Object):表示动作施加的对象或内容，或用于介词后与介词一起构成介词短语。通常由名词、代词名词、代词或与之相当的结构担任
6、。e.g.She has been learning phonetics recently.We all like him.4）定语）定语(Attribute):修饰名词，通常由形容词形容词或与之相当的结构担任。e.g.This is a difficult problem.I have something important to tell you.5）状语）状语(Adverbial):修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副副词词或与之相当的结构担任。e.g.John runs fast.The boy is very careful with his work.6）表语）表语(Pred
7、icative):说明主语的性质、特征、状态、名称或身份等，通常由名词、代词、形容词名词、代词、形容词或与之相当的结构担任.表语一般与系动词构成复合谓语，放在系动词后。e.g.My uncle is a writer.The picture looks beautiful.Copyright Wondershare Software7）补语）补语(Complement):补充说明宾语或主语，说明其名词、特征、状态或所做动作等。通常由动词、名词、形容词动词、名词、形容词或其它相当的结构担任。补语不可省略。补充说明宾语的成分被称为宾语补语(Object Complement),宾补和宾语一起构成复
8、合宾语(Complex Object);补充说明主语的成分被称为主语补语(Subject Complement),主补通常只出现在被动语态的句中。e.g.The teacher asked the students to study hard.（动词不定式作宾补）They all consider this task important.(形容词作宾补）The students were asked by the teacher to study hard.(动词不定式作主补）This task is considered important.（形容词作主补）8）同位语）同位语(Apposit
9、ive):对主语、宾语、表语等名词性成分进行解释，说明其内容。通常由名词、代词、数词名词、代词、数词或与之相当的词充当。同位语可省略。e.g.Johns uncle is a teacher,a physics teacher.（与表语同位）Mary,the second,got to her feet and went away.(与主语同位)The thing itself is not significant.（与主语同位)Copyright Wondershare Software2.简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns)英语中，除了
10、there be句型外，任何一个简单句必然属于以下句型的一种：1）主）主+谓谓(SV)e.g.She smiles.2）主）主+谓谓+宾宾(SVO)e.g.Edison invented electric lamp.3）主）主+系系+表表(SVP)e.g.He is an artist.4）主）主+谓谓+宾宾+补补(SVOC)e.g.Many American citizens elected Obama as president.5）主）主+谓谓+宾（间接）宾（间接）+宾宾（直接）（直接）(SVOiOd)e.g.My teacher gave us some books.Note:Oi=In
11、direct Object Od=Direct Object双宾语双宾语Copyright Wondershare Software“V+双宾语”结构为:V+sb.(间宾间宾)+sth.(直宾直宾)V+sth.(直宾直宾)+for/to+sb.(间宾间宾)以下词可接双宾语：以下词可接双宾语：buy,make(制作制作),find,book(预定预定),show,leave(留下留下),send,give,lend,borrow,bring,tell,write,teach,envy,pass(传递传递),offer,return,pay,wish,take,promise,fetch(去取去取
12、),do,get,order(订购订购)e.g.do me a favor 帮我一个忙帮我一个忙 =do a favor for me promise Jim a bicycle 答应给吉姆一辆自行车答应给吉姆一辆自行车 =promise a bicycle to Jim book her a ticket 给她订一张票给她订一张票 =book a ticket for her teach John English 教约翰英语教约翰英语=teach English to John leave him enough food 给他留足够的食物给他留足够的食物 =leave enough food
13、 to him show us her wedding ring 向我们展示她的婚戒向我们展示她的婚戒 =show her wedding ring to us wish you a Merry Christmas 祝你圣诞快乐祝你圣诞快乐 envy him his knowledge 羡慕他的学问羡慕他的学问 Copyright Wondershare Software3.句子的种类句子的种类(Classification of Sentences)1.就结构而言，可分为三种：简单句、并列句、主从句。就结构而言，可分为三种：简单句、并列句、主从句。1）简单句简单句(Simple Senten
14、ce):只包含一个主谓结构的句子。e.g.The man knocked at the door.2）并列句并列句(Coordinated Sentence):包含两个或更多完整的主谓结构的句子。每一个主谓结构都构成一个相对独立的分句(clause),分句间用并列连词(Coordinate Conjunction)连接，如：and,but,or等，也可用分号“;”连接。注意英语中一般不可以用逗号“,”连接两个并列分句。e.g.The man knocked at the door but no one answered。3）主从句主从句(Complex Sentence):包含一个主句(Mai
15、n Clause)和一个或几个从句(Sub-clause)。从句一般由从属连词(Subordinate Conjunction)引出。e.g.As soon as he arrived at the house,the man knocked at the door.Copyright Wondershare Software2.就用途而言就用途而言,可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。1）陈述句）陈述句(statement):陈述一件事、一种现象或一种看法。e.g.The earth turns around the Sun.This morn
16、ing he got up late.2）疑问句(question):询问或怀疑某种情况 a.一般疑问句(general question):yes or no question.e.g.Do you like this picture?(Yes,./No,.)b.特殊疑问句(special question):wh-questions.e.g.Who is that gentleman?/How did you make it?c.选择疑问句(alternative question)e.g.Would you like to have tea or coffee?d.反义疑问句(tag q
17、uestion)e.g.Nobody went to the cinema,did they?There is something wrong with the computer,isnt there?Im six years older than you,arent I?Copyright Wondershare Software3）祈使句）祈使句(imperative):提出请求或发出命令 e.g.Sit down,please.Dont be noisy.4）感叹句）感叹句(exclamation):常由what/how引导。e.g.what a beautiful flower it
18、is!How beautiful the flower is!Copyright Wondershare Software4.词组词组(Phrases)也称短语，是两个或更多的词在一起连用、意义上相对完整但不能独立成句的语言单位。1）名词词组（）名词词组（Noun Phrase）The books on the shelf belong to Professor Wang.2）动词词组（）动词词组（Verb Phrase）They put forward a suggestion.3）形容词词组（）形容词词组（Adjective Phrase）He is good at painting pl
19、ants and birds.4）副词词组（）副词词组（Adverbial Phrase）A few days later,they found the lost bicycle.5）介词词组（）介词词组（Prepositional Phrase）There is a village at the foot of the mountain.6）不定式词组（）不定式词组（Infinitive Phrase）She will teach me to sing the song.7）动名词词组（）动名词词组（Gerundial Phrase）I always enjoy going to conce
20、rts.8）分词词组（）分词词组（Participle Phrase）Hearing the good news,she jumped with joy.Copyright Wondershare Software5.书写的注意事项书写的注意事项1.首字母大写首字母大写,其后内容一般不大写。其后内容一般不大写。误误:there are five people in my family.误：误：Since everyone is here,Lets begin the meeting.误：误：As is known to all,The Green campus is because more
21、and more important.误：误：Nowaday,How to creating a Green campus is a hot topic.误：误：So Parents Help children to be independent is a important task。误：误：Parents should teach their children to do some thing,But not do everything for their children.And Then Parents.Copyright Wondershare Software2.标点符号：标点符号
22、：结尾必须有符号。结尾必须有符号。1）英语的句号不同于汉语，是一个小圆点）英语的句号不同于汉语，是一个小圆点“.”。误：误：She is never late for school。误：误：So Parents Help children to be independent is a important task。2）并列句直接需用连词连接，如）并列句直接需用连词连接，如and/but等等;如如不用连接词，可用分号不用连接词，可用分号“；”或直接另起一句。或直接另起一句。误：误：Tom dropped the vase,it was broken.正：正：Tom dropped the vas
23、e and it was broken.正：正：Tom dropped the vase.It was broken.误：误：School is the place where we learn knowledge,a good environment for our study state has a great help,therefore,building a green campus is very important.Copyright Wondershare Software3）英语中没有顿号）英语中没有顿号“、”，在英语中用逗号在英语中用逗号“,”代替。代替。误：误：I bought some ink、writing paper、envelopes and stamps.正：正：I bought some ink,writing paper,envelopes and stamps.Copyright Wondershare Software Thank You!Copyright Wondershare Software此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢