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1、肝炎病毒病毒医学微生物学第1页，此课件共42页哦Hepatitis A virus，HAV甲型肝炎病毒 第2页，此课件共42页哦Biological Properties lpicornavirus,+ssRNA genome小小RNA病毒科病毒科l27 nm in diameter,non-enveloped icosahedral particle 27nm,球形，球形，20面立体对称，面立体对称，无包膜无包膜lone serotype一个血清型一个血清型Feinstone（1973）第3页，此课件共42页哦lStronger than enterovirus,resistant to d
2、etergents,acid(pH 1.0 for 2h),60 for 1h，survive for months in fresh water and salt water 抵抗力比肠道病毒强第4页，此课件共42页哦Pathogenesis致病性致病性lspread via the fecal-oral route粪口途径传播lSource of infection:patient,inapparent infection传染源:病人、隐性感染者隐性感染者lViral shedding in the stool precedes the onset of symptoms by 14d b
3、ut stops before the cessation of symptoms lSymptomsInitial symptoms:fever,fatigue,nausea,loss of appetite,abdominal painJaundice 第5页，此课件共42页哦HAV的致病性的致病性粪口途径传播粪口途径传播小肠淋巴结中大量增殖小肠淋巴结中大量增殖入血并形成入血并形成病毒血症病毒血症肝脏为最终靶器肝脏为最终靶器官（病毒直接损官（病毒直接损伤或免疫病理作伤或免疫病理作用）用）通过胆汁随粪通过胆汁随粪便排出体外便排出体外第6页，此课件共42页哦lAsymptomatic infe
4、ctions are very common.As already noted,disease in children is generally milder than that in adults and is usually asymptomatic隐性感染多隐性感染多lNo a chronic infection and carrier,not associated with hepatic cancer.无慢性病例和病毒携带者，不与肝癌有关无慢性病例和病毒携带者，不与肝癌有关lComplete recovery:99%预后好预后好lFulminant hepatitis暴发性肝炎暴发性
5、肝炎:13/1000,80%mortality rate死死亡率亡率 lPregnant women may develop more severe disease.孕妇感染严重孕妇感染严重第7页，此课件共42页哦Mechanisim of pathogenisis致病机理：lDirectly injury by virus病毒直接损伤病毒直接损伤limmunopathogenesis免疫病理作用免疫病理作用第8页，此课件共42页哦第9页，此课件共42页哦immunity免疫性无论显性感染还是隐性感染 均能产生抗-HAV的 IgM和IgG抗体抗-HAV的IgM在急性期和恢复早期出现 阳性可作为
6、甲肝的确诊依据 抗-HAV的IgG在恢复后期出现 有保护作用，维持终身 第10页，此课件共42页哦Laboratory Diagnosis微生物学检查lanti-HAV IgM 抗抗HAV IgMlby an ELISA or radioimmunoassay第11页，此课件共42页哦Treatment and Prevention防治原则lControl the source of infection控制传染源 lCut down the route of transmission切断传播途径lPassive immunization-Normal immunoglobulin 丙种球蛋白l
7、Active immunizationsA killed HAV vaccinea live attenuated HAV vaccine第12页，此课件共42页哦hepatitis B virus,HBV乙型肝炎病毒第13页，此课件共42页哦SHAPE AND STRUCTURE形态结构There are 3 particles in patients bloodlDane particle Dane颗粒颗粒（大球形颗粒）（大球形颗粒）lsmall spherical particle小球形颗粒小球形颗粒ltubulose particle管形颗粒管形颗粒第14页，此课件共42页哦Dane
8、particleComplete particle,infective HBVspherical，double capsid球形,双层衣壳。outer capsid=envelope外衣壳外衣壳=包膜包膜(脂质双层脂质双层+蛋白质蛋白质)HBsAg等等 inner capsid内衣壳：内衣壳：HBcAg、HBeAginternal内部：DNA-circular,double-stranded环状双链环状双链 DNA polymerase 多聚酶第15页，此课件共42页哦HBV的小球形颗粒HBsAg-containing particles 过剩的衣壳蛋白装配而成第16页，此课件共42页哦HBV
9、的管形颗粒 小球形颗粒串联而成第17页，此课件共42页哦Genome of HBVa circular,double-stranded DNA containing single-strand breaks 不完全双不完全双链环状链环状DNAfour open reading frames that encode seven polypeptides.含含4个个ORF,编码编码7个个蛋白蛋白S HBsAg,Pre-s1,Pre-s2C HBcAg，HBeAgP polymerase多聚酶多聚酶X HBxAg基因基因第18页，此课件共42页哦Antigen of HBV抗原组成lhepatiti
10、s B surface antigenHBsAgHBsAg表面抗原indicates that virus replication is occurring in the liverindicates that virus replication is occurring in the liver 说明病毒在肝中复制（机体受感染标志）说明病毒在肝中复制（机体受感染标志）four phenotypesfour phenotypes：adradr,adw,ayr,ayw,adw,ayr,aywantiantiHBsHBs:neutralization antibody中和抗体中和抗体lhepati
11、tis B core antigen HBcAgHBcAg核心抗原not found in bloodnot found in blood一般不能检出一般不能检出antiantiHBc nonHBc nonneutralization antibody非中和抗体非中和抗体Core IgMCore IgM indicates recent infection.indicates recent infection.抗抗HBc IgMHBc IgM说明说明HBVHBV复制复制Core IgGCore IgG indicates exposure to HBVindicates exposure to
12、 HBVAntigen of outer capsid外衣壳抗原外衣壳抗原Antigens of inner capsid内衣壳抗原内衣壳抗原第19页，此课件共42页哦lhepatitis B e antigenhepatitis B e antigen e抗原HBeAgHBeAgthe best correlate to the presence of infectious virus.the best correlate to the presence of infectious virus.感染性病毒存在的最有效证据（复制及具传染性的感染性病毒存在的最有效证据（复制及具传染性的标志）标志
13、）anti-HBeanti-HBe indicates low infectivity in a carrierindicates low infectivity in a carrier 抗抗H HB Be e说明病毒感染性较低（是预后良好的征象）说明病毒感染性较低（是预后良好的征象）第20页，此课件共42页哦lculture培养 lresistance抵抗力 strong resistance to cool,dry,ultraviolet,alcohol inactivate:100 10min第21页，此课件共42页哦Pathogenesis and Immunity lsource
14、of infection传染源 patients or carriers 急性、慢性患者或无症状急性、慢性患者或无症状HBsAgHBsAg携带者携带者lroute of transmission传播途径 sexual routes parenteral肠胃外的肠胃外的 routesl injection of the virus into the blood stream lcontaminated blood and blood components by transfusion,needle sharing,acupuncture针灸针灸,ear piercing,or tattooing
15、 perinatal围产期围产期 routes lcontact with the mothers blood at birth and in mother milk 第22页，此课件共42页哦Pathogenesis of HBV致病性lCell-mediated immunity(liver injury)Cell-mediated immunity(liver injury)lImmune complexes(HBsAg+anti-HBs):Immune complexes(HBsAg+anti-HBs):development of hypersensitivity reactions
16、(other development of hypersensitivity reactions(other organs injuryorgans injury）infants infected perinatally become chronic infants infected perinatally become chronic carrierscarriers 第23页，此课件共42页哦Clinical Findings lAcute infection急性感染急性感染lFulminant hepatitis暴发型肝炎暴发型肝炎 lChronic infection 慢性感染慢性感染
17、lPrimary hepatocellular carcinoma（PHC）原发性肝细胞癌原发性肝细胞癌 第24页，此课件共42页哦Acute infection la long incubation period and an insidious onset lprodromal period前驱期:fever,malaise不适,anorexia食欲缺乏,nausea,vomiting,abdominal discomfort,chills lclassic icteric黄疸 symptoms of liver damage lRecovery 第25页，此课件共42页哦Fulminan
18、t hepatitis暴发型肝炎暴发型肝炎 loccurs in approximately 1%of icteric patients and may be fatal 1%黄疸病人，可致死 lsevere liver damage,such as ascites and bleeding 肝严重受损，腹水，出血第26页，此课件共42页哦Chronic infection lelevated liver enzyme levels 转氨酶水平高l10%of patients with chronic hepatitis may develop cirrhosis and liver fail
19、ure 10%可发展为肝硬化和肝衰竭lmajor source for spread of the virus主要传染源lat risk for fulminant disease if they become co-infected with HDV 第27页，此课件共42页哦Primary hepatocellular carcinoma（PHC）原发性肝细胞癌原发性肝细胞癌 lpromoting continued liver repair and cell growth in response to tissue damage lintegrating into the host ch
20、romosome and stimulating cell growth directly 第28页，此课件共42页哦第29页，此课件共42页哦Laboratory Diagnosis乙肝“两对半”及临床意义 lHBsAg、抗抗HBslHBeAg、抗抗HBel（HBcAg）抗抗HBc第30页，此课件共42页哦第31页，此课件共42页哦 HBVHBV抗原抗体系统检测临床意义抗原抗体系统检测临床意义HBsAgHBeAg抗-HBe抗-HBc抗-HBs临床意义IgMIgG+-感染或无症状携带者感染或无症状携带者+-+-急性乙型肝炎（有急性乙型肝炎（有传染）传染）（大三阳）（大三阳）+-+-慢性乙型肝炎
21、（有传染）慢性乙型肝炎（有传染）（大三阳）大三阳）+-+-急性肝炎趋向恢复急性肝炎趋向恢复（小三阳）（小三阳）-+-+恢复期（传染性低）恢复期（传染性低）-+既往感染或接种疫苗既往感染或接种疫苗-未感染，无免疫力未感染，无免疫力第32页，此课件共42页哦Treatment and PreventionlControl the source of infection控制传染源 lCut down the route of transmission切断传播途径lPassive immunization-Hepatitis B immune globulin（HBIg）抗-HBs人血清球蛋白lAct
22、ive immunizationsHBsAg vaccinelNo specific treatment第33页，此课件共42页哦hepatitis C virus,HCV丙型肝炎病毒predominant cause of non A non B hepatitis 第34页，此课件共42页哦Biological properties生物学性状la member of the flavivirus 黄病毒属成员l4060nm,spherical球形lan enveloped virion有包膜lGenome:(+)ss RNA第35页，此课件共42页哦Pathogenesis and Imm
23、unity致病性与免疫性l six genotypes基因型：、l transmitted by means similar to HBV 传播途径似HBVin infected blood（输血后肝炎）lIntravenous drug abusers ltransfusion lorgan recipients lhemophiliacs receiving factors or sexually第36页，此课件共42页哦Pathogenesispersistent,chronic hepatitis cirrhosis肝硬化，hepatocellular carcinoma肝癌lacut
24、e hepatitis 15%lchronic persistent infection 70%lsevere rapid progression to cirrhosis 15 第37页，此课件共42页哦Laboratory diagnosislELISA recognition of antibodylgenetic techniques to detect HCV RNATreatment防治原则lNo vaccine尚无可用疫苗lRecombinant IFN-alone or with ribavirin 病毒唑第38页，此课件共42页哦hepatitis D virus，HDV丁型
25、肝炎病毒la defective virus that acquires an HBsAg coat for transmissionHDV是缺陷病毒，需以是缺陷病毒，需以HBsAg构成其构成其衣壳来传播衣壳来传播lcircular,single-stranded RNA molecules and an internal core antigen(HDAg)单负链环状RNA和和 抗原（抗原（HDAg）第39页，此课件共42页哦Pathogenesislspread by the same routes as HBV:blood,semen,and vaginal secretions 传播途
26、径与HBV相同：血液，精液，阴道分泌物lincreases the severity of HBV infections:Fulminant hepatitis 加重HBV感染：爆发性肝炎Coinfection联合感染Superinfection重迭感染第40页，此课件共42页哦Laboratory diagnosisldetecting the delta antigen，RNA or antibodies病原学检病原学检查为查为HDAg、抗抗HDV及及HDV-RNAlAnti-HDV IgMlPersistant Anti-HDV IgG chronic infectionTreatment and preventionlno known specific treatment lprevention of infection with HBV prevents HDV infection.第41页，此课件共42页哦hepatitis E virus，HEV戊型肝炎病毒lspherical,non-enveloped,and 27-34 nm 球形，无包膜，la positive-sense,single-strand RNA genome 单正链RNA第42页，此课件共42页哦