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1、医学英语翻译医学英语词汇特点 1.医学词汇一般分为两类医学词汇一般分为两类:p一类是某一专业特有的词汇,如:appendicitis、diarrhea、splenomegaly 等,这类词汇一般具有一词对应一义的特点;常见两栖词汇 词汇词汇 普通含义普通含义 医学含义医学含义 abortion夭折,失败流产,堕胎 resident居民住院医生 traction拖,曳骨折牵引术 reduction减少骨折复位术 foreign body外国的异物 humor幽默体液 delivery/labor 发送,交付/体力劳动 分娩,生产consumption肺结核消费、消耗常见两栖词汇 词汇词汇 普通含
2、义普通含义 医学含义医学含义 cataract大瀑布白内障 colon冒号结肠 fit适合阵发,痉挛 drip水滴、滴下滴注 depression萧条、沮丧抑郁症 host主人、东家宿主 mass群众,团体肿块,肿瘤 shock震动、震惊休克 gum树胶、口香糖齿龈More samples 1.1.Asthma(哮喘)is not a disease entity but one form of clinical presentation of a variety of disorders of the bronchus.2.entity:实体、本质 疾病的病种3.哮喘并不是一种疾病病种而是支
3、气管的众多病症中4.的一种临床表现。2.Lymph nodes are often enlarged but are not tender.tender:温柔的、亲切的 触痛、敏感.淋巴结往往肿胀,但无触痛感。3.Heart failure is a frequent and important complication of subacute(亚急性)bacterial endocarditis(心内膜炎).Failure:失败、不及格 衰竭、故障 Complication:复杂 并发症 心衰是亚急性细菌性心内膜炎的常见而重要的并发症。4.The blood concentration of
4、 urea and other nitrogenous compound(含氮化合物)steadily rises.concentration:集中、专心 浓度 血液中尿素和其他含氮化合物的浓度在稳定上升。2.词缀从词源学的角度来看,在医学英语词汇中,希腊语、拉丁语的词素占有极高比率。据Oscar E.Nybaken 的统计,一万个医学词汇约有46%来自拉丁语;7.2%来自希腊语,希腊、拉丁词素是医学英语词汇的重要基础。希腊语、拉丁语拥有极丰富的词缀,且每个词缀都有其固定意义,可与不同的词干组成无数新词。医学英语词汇传承了这一特点。因此,掌握医学掌握医学英语中前缀、简单后缀、复合后缀极为重要。
5、英语中前缀、简单后缀、复合后缀极为重要。一词三式一词三式”医学英语术语主要来自三种语言:央格鲁-撒克逊语(古英语 Anglo-Saxon),古希腊语(Greek)与古拉丁语(Latin)。拉丁语和希腊语这两大古代语言为医学英语术语提供了大量可灵活运用并含义确切的词根,这样就出现了相同含义,不同拼写的词根与各种前后缀结合构成大量的含义相同或不同的医学英语术语,这就是医学英语术语的一词三式现象。一词三式一词三式ChineseChineseAnglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon Greek Greek Latin Latin体bodysomacorpus心heartcardiacor肠bowe
6、lenteronintestine肾kidneynephrosrenes血bloodhemasanquis脑brainencephalocerebro腹abdomencelioabdomino鼻noserhinonaso女womangynefemale体躯系统体躯系统 英语英语 希腊源希腊源 拉丁源拉丁源pBody somato-coporo-pHead cephalo-capito-pneck trachelo-cervico-plimb acro-membrumpfinger dactylo-digito-pthigh mero-femoro-pchest thoraco-pecto-pb
7、reast masto-mammo-pbelly ventro-abdomino-pflank laporo-,celiopback opitho-dorsi-pwaist lumbo-loin3.3.术语的其他来源术语的其他来源 一、以医生或者患者名字为术语:一、以医生或者患者名字为术语:Parkinsons Dissease,振颤麻痹,以医生为名;Hippocratic face 死后面相,以医生为名;Christmas disease,凝血因子IX缺乏(克雷司马斯病);Hela cells 希拉细胞(子宫颈癌细胞),以患者为名。二、以文学作品或事件中人物为术语:二、以文学作品或事件中人物
8、为术语:Achilleus tendon 跟腱;Achilles Jerk 跟腱反射;Oedipus complex 恋母情节;Electra complex 恋父情结;Jocasta complex 恋子情结;Lear Complex 恋女情结;Diana complex 独身情节;Cain complex 兄弟敌对情节;三、以地名冠名:三、以地名冠名:Keshan disease 中国克山微量元素缺乏(克山病);Mediterrannian anemia 地中海贫血;Schistosoma mekongi 湄公河血吸虫p 4.4.动词多使用规范的书面语。动词多使用规范的书面语。p从文体学的
9、角度看,医学英语属于正式语体,因此常使用较正式的词汇,这点在动词的使用中尤为突出。例如:用to convert 而不用to change;用to locate 而不用to find;用to absorb 而不用to take in,等等。医学英语语法结构特点 1.大量使用名词化结构。大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是医学英语的特点之一,因为医学文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实,而非某一行为。pSample p1a.The molecules of substance are moving about all the time without st
10、opping.p1b.The molecules of substance are in continual motion.pSample 2.Failure of the kidney to eliminate potassium leads to hyperkalemia along with other electrolyte imbalance and acidosis.p如果肾脏不能减少钾,就会导致血钾过多症,并出现电解质失衡及酸中毒。p3.Although the production of such transgenic strains of animals carrying f
11、oreign genes is now a relatively routine technique in many laboratories,it is unlikely that such methods will be expended to human embryos,both for moral and technical reasons.p目前,尽管在许多实验室里,培养携带异体基因的转基因动物已成为一项常规技术,但由于伦理和技术方面的原因,这项技术还不可能扩展应用到人体胚胎。p2.大量使用长句和定语从句。p医学英语中大量使用长句和定语从句,在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。Sa
12、mple 1:Thus,due to the action of ultra violet rays on the skin,substances are produced in the skin which get into the blood and accelerate the processes of metabolism in the various organs of the body.因此由于紫外线在皮肤的作用,皮肤里产生一些物质进入血液,可促进人体各器官的代谢作用。Sample 2:A variety of clinical features help to distingui
13、sh the various forms of leukemia,but diagnosis is based on examination of the peripheral blood,in which are usually found qualitative and quantitative changes in the corresponding white blood cell type.虽然各种临床特征有助于区别不同类型的白血病,但诊断以外周血液的检查为根据,因为外周血液中通常会发现相应的白细胞类型质和量的变化。p 3.名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁。p医学文章要求行文简炼、结构紧凑
14、,名词作定语和缩写词的频繁使用,简化了句型,增大了信息密度。Sample:Male homosexual AIDS patients also show an increased incidence of certain tumors,most commonly Kaposi s sarcoma.某些肿瘤在男性同性恋爱滋病患者中发生率上升,最常见的是卡波西氏肉瘤。p4.广泛使用被动语态。p医学文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确,第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态。Sample:Marijuana is one of man s oldest and
15、most widely used drugs.It has been consumed in various ways as long as medical history has been recorded and is currently used throughout the world by hundreds of millions of people.A fairly consistent picture of short-term effects on users is presented in many publications.大麻是使用最广泛,历史最长的一种毒品,自有医学史以
16、来,就有使用大麻的记载,并经全世界数以万计的人们使用。许多出版物均报道大麻对毒品使用者常出现短期效应。Exercises:1.Prompt attention to the symptoms of stroke can often make all the difference between a healthy life and a half-healthy life which are in a twilight zone.2.There may be temporary loss of speech or difficulty in speaking or understanding s
17、peech.3.Other potential interventions include use interferon(干扰素),and other antiviral agents for reatment of chronic viral hepatitis.4.Patients with head injury benefit from formal rehabilitation during convalescence(恢复、康复).For reference:1.1.及时注意中风症状往往可以分辨健康生活和亚健及时注意中风症状往往可以分辨健康生活和亚健 康生活,这两者常常界限不清。康
18、生活,这两者常常界限不清。2.可能出现暂时的失语或听说障碍可能出现暂时的失语或听说障碍 。3.3.其它可能使用的治疗慢性病毒性肝炎的方法是使其它可能使用的治疗慢性病毒性肝炎的方法是使用干扰素和抗病毒药。用干扰素和抗病毒药。4.4.头部受伤的人在恢复期进行正规的康复治疗是有头部受伤的人在恢复期进行正规的康复治疗是有好处的。好处的。常见翻译技巧(1)词性转换,最常见的为名词和动词之间的转换。Sample 1:The prevention of sudden cardiac death by long-term administration of antiarrhythmic drugs is ba
19、sed on sound physiological principles.长期服用抗心率失常药来预防心脏病引起的猝死,是以正确可靠的生理学原理为根据的。Sample 2:A careful analysis of the patients history shows that urticaria is a sort of clinical clue to viral hepatitis.详细分析患者的病史后,就看得出荨麻疹是病毒性肝炎的一种临床线索。Sample 3:The patient has no knowledge of when the first attack occurred.
20、患者不知道第一次发作是在何时。(2)省略1.人称代词省略Sample:At present,Chinese medicinal herbs are used to treat hepatitis.They proves to be effective for the disease.现时中草药用来治疗肝炎,证明非常有效。2.物主代词省略Sample:The doctors make their morning round at 7am.3.It的省略a.作为形式主语或形式宾语时,本身没有意义,汉译时一般予以省略 sample:It took us a good four hours to pe
21、rform the operation.我们做这个手术费了足足四小时。b.It 用来强调句中的某成分时,汉译时一般省略.sample:It is only the output that is normal.仅仅是正常的输出量而已。4.连词的省略Sample 1:Some patients are susceptible to pain,but others tolerate it with impunity.有的病人很怕痛,(但是)有的则能泰然地忍受。Sample 2:Rest should be imperative if the temperature rises above 38C。(
22、如果)体温高于摄氏三十八度,就应该强制休息。(3)被动语态的转换Exercise:1.Vitamin K is not absorbed from the upper intestine.2.Alcohol use is also a common cause of cirrhosis,which can indirectly lead to hepatocellular carcinoma.However,a direct carcinogenic effect of alcohol on the liver has not been proved.3.Therapeutic cytapheresis is used to remove defective RBCs and substitute healthy ones.For reference1.维生素K不是从肠的上部吸收的。2.饮酒也是导致肝硬化的一个常见原因,会间接导致肝细胞癌,但是尚未证明酒精会对肝脏有直接的致癌效应。3.治疗性细胞除去法用于除去有缺陷的红细胞并代之以正常的红细胞。