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1、一、英译汉翻译的基本(jbn)程序1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前(zhqin)仔细研读原文,解决好仔细研读原文,解决好“翻译什么翻译什么”的问题。的问题。边读边琢磨,确切理解原文所述事物本身边读边琢磨,确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想,如原句的中的含义与之相关的外延联想,如原句的中心意思是什么,有没有褒贬义或寓意,对心意思是什么,有没有褒贬义或寓意,对其中的修饰语的把握等。其中的修饰语的把握等。2.组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。择适当的词汇和表达手段。第一页,共42页。3.表达。表达。考
2、生要从内容和语言两方面来考考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文,尤其注意不能扭曲原意,不能错虑译文,尤其注意不能扭曲原意,不能错译或漏译。译或漏译。4.审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行(jnxng)对照,看看译文是否忠实于原文,对照,看看译文是否忠实于原文,是否通顺易懂,是否符合汉语规范。是否通顺易懂,是否符合汉语规范。第二页,共42页。归化归化(u hu)(u hu)与异化与异化 翻译的归化/异化(domesticating translation and foreignizing transl
3、ation).Schleiermacher(施莱尔马赫)着重探讨了翻译与理解之间不可分割的关系,指出翻译有两种情况(qngkung),一种是让读者靠近作者(异化),另一种是让作者靠近读者(归化)。如果让读者靠近作者的语境,他就能感受到异国的情调。第三页,共42页。1 1、归化、归化(u hu)(u hu)策略策略(domesticating (domesticating method)method)l归化是采用民族中心主义态度,是外语文本(wnbn)符合译语的文化价值观,把原作者带入译语文化。译者在翻译的时候,心中既要想着原作及原作作者,尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来;同时,译
4、者还要想着译文的读者,翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者,便于读者理解和接受。第四页,共42页。l例如:Love me,love my dog.爱屋及乌。a lion in the way 拦路虎 lick ones boots 拍马屁 Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手 A flash in a pan 昙花一现 Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年(fng zh cn nin)To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋 One boy is a boy,two boys half a boyl three boys nobodyl一个和尚挑
5、水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。第五页,共42页。请用“归化”的翻译(fny)方法,翻译(fny)下面几句话:Lead a dogs life Jack of all trades A drowned rat Let the cat out of the bag.Every dog has his day.Dont shed crocodile tears to me;you know you are really glad that theyre met with misfortune.Your honor,I confess the corn.I was royally drunk.
6、Dont play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.The gravy train is just not for me.George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.第六页,共42页。Lead a dogs life 过着牛马不如的生活 Jack of all trades 三脚猫 A drowned rat 落汤鸡 Let the cat out of the bag.露马脚 Every dog has his day.风水轮流转
7、.Dont shed crocodile tears to me;you know you are really glad that theyre met with misfortune.别在我面前装慈悲,你自己知道你对他们遭遇不幸有多高兴.Your honor,I confess the corn.I was royally drunk.法官先生,我承认错误,我当时酩酊大醉了.Dont play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.不到关键时刻不要亮出你的绝招.The gravy train is just not for me.这种
8、油水足的美差(mi ch)压根儿轮不到我.George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.乔治华盛顿在独立战争期间采取过拖延战术.第七页,共42页。2、异化异化(yhu)策略策略(foreignizing method)l异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下,接受外语文本的语言及文化差异,把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心,就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”,具体说来,就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色,异语语言形式(xngsh),以及作者的异常写作手法。例如:“crocodile tears”译作“
9、鳄鱼的眼泪”“an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝”“sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄”“the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。第八页,共42页。异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译,其中就运用了不少(b sho)“欧化句式”例如:在哈姆雷特第一幕第三场中,波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说:“You speak like a green girlUnsifted in such perilous circumstance”朱生豪将其译为:“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。”异化揭示了深层含义,又再现了原文的表层形式,一方
10、面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力,使表达意思的手段更准确,更多样化;另一方面,也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。第九页,共42页。l请用“异化”的翻译(fny)方法翻译(fny)下面十个句子。Armed to teeth Meet ones Waterloo Black horse Crocodile tears Ivory tower He looked cool in his new clothes.This is the last supper in our college life.The cold war between the husband and wife ended when t
11、he husband found a better job.The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters.The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the emperors new clothes.第十页,共42页。Armed to teeth 武装到牙齿 Meet ones Waterloo 遭遇滑铁卢 Black horse 黑马 Crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪 Ivory tower 象牙塔 He loo
12、ked cool in his new clothes.他穿着新衣服真酷.This is the last supper in our college life.这是我们大学生活中的最后晚餐.The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband found a better job.当丈夫找到一个(y)更好的工作后,他与妻子的冷战也结束了.The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters.对黑色星期一会卷土重来的担
13、忧搞得这些华尔街金融家们惊慌失措.The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the emperors new clothes.他吹嘘了多年的所谓财富实际上只是皇帝的新装.第十一页,共42页。句子(j zi)平衡:分清主次 第十二页,共42页。一、独立一、独立(dl)(dl)主格结构主格结构 Nominative AbsoluteNominative Absoluten1.n.+present participle phrasen到处都可以看见人们穿着节日服装(fzhung),满脸笑容。nEverywhere you can see
14、 people in their holiday dresses,their faces shining with smiles.n天气要是合适的话,我们明天要到西山去玩。nWeather permitting,well go on an excursion to the Western Hill tomorrow.第十三页,共42页。2.n.+past participle phrase2.n.+past participle phrasen他脸朝天,头枕着手(zhushu)躺着。nHe lay on his back,his face up and his hands crossed un
15、der his head.n他做完作业后回家去了。nHis work done,he went home.nAfter his work had been done,he went home.第十四页,共42页。3.n.+adjective phrasen他鼻子冻得通红地走进房来。nHe came into my room,his nose red with cold.n老头坐了下来,由于痛苦(tngk)脸色发白,两颊上还带有泪痕。nThe old man sat down,his face pale with pain and traces of tears on his cheeks.第十
16、五页,共42页。4.n.+adverbial phrasen她伸出双手,掌心(zhngxn)向上。nShe put out her hands,palms up.n他袜子穿反了。nHe put on his socks,wrong side out.第十六页,共42页。5.n.+n.n数以千计的船民被淹死,其中许多是小孩(xio hi)。nThousands of boat people were drowned,many of them children.n他的第一个剧本成功后,又写了另一个剧本。nHis first play a success,he wrote another.第十七页,
17、共42页。6.n.+infinitiven来客也不少,有送行的,有拿东西的,有送行兼拿东西的。nWe also had quite a host of visitors,some to see us off,some to fetch things,and some to do both.n他为这家杂志写了两篇稿子(go zi),一篇即将本期发表,另一篇将在下期刊载。nHe has contributed two articles to the journal,one to be published in this issue,the other to come out in the next
18、.第十八页,共42页。7.n.+prepositional phrasen他们欢快地一手(yshu)拿着鞭子,一手(yshu)扯着缰绳,催马向前。nIn jolly spirits,they urged the horses on,whip in one hand and reins in the other.n他端着枪,走进那间黑屋子。nHe entered the dark room,gun in hand.第十九页,共42页。二、过去分词短语二、过去分词短语(du(dunyny)Past Participle Phrase Past Participle Phrasen错误与挫折(cuz
19、h)教训了我们,使我们变得聪明起来,我们的事情就办得好一些。nTaught by mistakes and setbacks,we have become wiser and handle our problems better.n我一直坐到十一点多钟,全神贯注地看着一本小说。nI sat until eleven,absorbed/immersed in a fiction.第二十页,共42页。三、形容词短语三、形容词短语(du(dunyny)Adjective Phrase Adjective Phrasen周总理是那样谦逊、随和、易于接近,使大家很快就不紧张了。nModest,unass
20、uming,easy to approach,Premier Zhou soon put everyone there completely at ease.n这些艺术品丰富多彩,栩栩如生(x x r shng),而且别出心裁,具有鲜明的民族特色和地方色彩。nColorful,lifelike and original,these works of art had/assumed distinctive national and local characteristics.第二十一页,共42页。四、名词四、名词(mng c)(mng c)短语短语 Noun Phrase Noun Phrase
21、n他是一位天才的语言学家,同样精通(jngtng)法、德、英等多种语言。nA gifted linguist,he was equally at home in French,German and English.n中国是个发展中国家,属于第三世界。nA developing country,China belongs to the Third World.第二十二页,共42页。五、不定式五、不定式 Infinitive PhraseInfinitive Phrasen如果听到他讲英语(yn y),人们会以为他是英国人。nTo hear him speak English,one would
22、take him for an Englishman.n有一天内孙先生在城里不见了,以后再没有人看到他。nOne day Mr.Nelson disappeared from the town,never to be seen again.第二十三页,共42页。六、六、Co-operative PhraseCo-operative Phrasen运动会风雨无阻(fng y w z),照常进行。nThe sports meeting will be held,rain or shine.n不管成功与否,我要试一下。nSink or swim,Ill try it.第二十四页,共42页。七、解释性
23、或描述性短语七、解释性或描述性短语(du(dunyny)Explanatory and Descriptive Phrase Explanatory and Descriptive Phrasen他的妻子料理一切大大小小的事务。nHis wife manages all affairs,big and small.n他光头赤脚(ch jio),气喘吁吁地冲进房来。nHe dashed into my room,hatless,barefooted and out of breath.第二十五页,共42页。八、八、延续延续(ynx)(ynx)否定否定Continuative NegationCo
24、ntinuative Negationn周围(zhuwi)没有村庄,甚至连一颗可供遮蔽的大树也没有。nThere are no villages around,nor even a big tree to take shelter under.n中国不做超级大国,现在不做,将来也不做。nChina will not be a superpower,not either today or even in the future.第二十六页,共42页。翻译技巧就是使译文忠实而地道翻译技巧就是使译文忠实而地道(ddo)(ddo)的各种方法。八种的各种方法。八种翻译技巧:翻译技巧:1.1.断句译法;断句
25、译法;2.2.合句译法;合句译法;3.3.转句译法;转句译法;4.4.换序译法;换序译法;5.5.补全译法;补全译法;6.6.缩句译法;缩句译法;7.7.转态译法;转态译法;8.8.正反译法。正反译法。第二十七页,共42页。1.耳朵是用来听声音的感官,鼻子用来闻气味,舌头用来尝滋味。The ear is the organ that is used for hearing.The nose is used for smelling.The tongue is used for tasting.2.爱美之心人皆有之,注重(zhzhng)外表美也并没有犯什么条规,问题是凡事都要有度,超出尺度行事的
26、人便好比买椟还珠。Everyone loves beauty,and caring about ones physical beauty is not wrong.However,there is always a limit.Those who go beyond the limit will miss the real essence of beauty.一一、断断 句句 译译 法法 第二十八页,共42页。二二、合合 句句 译译 法法 1.我们愿意与亚欧伙伴及世界其他国家发展友好合作关系,携手并肩,不懈努力,建设持久和平、共同(gngtng)繁荣的和谐社会。We will continue
27、 to develop friendly relations and cooperation with our Asian and European partners and other countries in the world and work with them to build a world of harmony,durable peace and common prosperity.2.真理是美的;毫无疑问(ho w y wn),谎言也是如此。Truth is beautiful,without doubt,and so are lies.第二十九页,共42页。1.路遥知马力,日
28、久见人心。As a road tests a horses strength,so an arduous task proves a persons heart.2.与其他欧洲人相比,英国人基本属于(shy)腼腆、沉默的人,很难与陌生人进行正式的交谈。The Englishmen,compared with other Europeans,are basically shy and reserved who doesnt easily have formal conversations with strangers.三三、转转 句句 译译 法法3.文学(wnxu)有普遍性,但也有界限。Lite
29、rature has its limitations as well as universal qualities.第三十页,共42页。1.中国是一个中国是一个拥拥有丰富有丰富(fngf)的自然的自然资资源和众多人口的大国,源和众多人口的大国,这这是众所周知的。是众所周知的。It is well known that China is a country with rich natural resources and a large population.2.早在早在1649年,俄亥俄州就年,俄亥俄州就规规定定(gudng):每个有:每个有50户户或以上人或以上人口的城口的城镇镇都必都必须须建
30、立学校。建立学校。As early as 1649,Ohio made a decision that schools must be established in every town having 50 households or more.四四、换换 序序 译译 法法第三十一页,共42页。(1 1)他正在和一个穿着红色上衣和蓝色牛仔裤的女孩儿说)他正在和一个穿着红色上衣和蓝色牛仔裤的女孩儿说话。话。(2 2)他很少骑自行车上班。)他很少骑自行车上班。(3 3)来夏威夷之前我从来没见过如此美丽的地方。)来夏威夷之前我从来没见过如此美丽的地方。(4 4)我们可以看见)我们可以看见(kn ji
31、n)(kn jin)被太阳照亮的那部分月亮。被太阳照亮的那部分月亮。(5 5)村子中间有一条小河流过。)村子中间有一条小河流过。(6 6)保护视力对每个人,特别是正处于生理发育时期的青)保护视力对每个人,特别是正处于生理发育时期的青少年十分必要。少年十分必要。(7 7)他一到车站,车就来了。)他一到车站,车就来了。(8 8)20062006年中国发生了很多变化,尤其是农业的发展。年中国发生了很多变化,尤其是农业的发展。(9 9)我做得还不够好。)我做得还不够好。(1010)我有一件重要的事情要告诉你。)我有一件重要的事情要告诉你。(1111)有需要就有竞争,这是市场经济的特定逻辑。)有需要就有
32、竞争,这是市场经济的特定逻辑。(1212)只有通过努力学习,你才能把以前失去的补回来。)只有通过努力学习,你才能把以前失去的补回来。第三十二页,共42页。练习题练习题/将下列句子译成英语,注意使用换序译法将下列句子译成英语,注意使用换序译法(1313)早在)早在16491649年,俄亥俄州就规定:每个有年,俄亥俄州就规定:每个有5050户或以上人口的城镇户或以上人口的城镇(chngzhn)(chngzhn)都都必须建立学校。必须建立学校。(1414)中国是一个拥有丰富的自然资源和众多人口的大国,这是众所周知的。)中国是一个拥有丰富的自然资源和众多人口的大国,这是众所周知的。(1515)把孩子一
33、个人留在家里,太危险了。)把孩子一个人留在家里,太危险了。(1616)明星终于来了,后面跟了一大群粉丝。)明星终于来了,后面跟了一大群粉丝。(1717)在展览会上,展出了许多中国最新的电子产品。)在展览会上,展出了许多中国最新的电子产品。(1818)帮助下岗职工再就业是这个组织的目的。)帮助下岗职工再就业是这个组织的目的。(1919)老师们太好了,毕业的时候学生们都流下了眼泪。)老师们太好了,毕业的时候学生们都流下了眼泪。(2020)我们永远不要放弃。)我们永远不要放弃。第三十三页,共42页。练习题练习题/译译文文(ywn)(1)He is talking to a girl who is i
34、n red shirt and blue jeans.(2)Seldom does he go to work by bike.(3)Never have I seen such a beautiful place before I came to Hawaii.(4)We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.(5)There flows a river across the village.(6)It is necessary for everybody,especially the growing children and te
35、enagers,to preserve their eyesight.(7)Hardly had he arrived at the station when the bus came.第三十四页,共42页。练习题练习题/译译文文(ywn)(8)In 2006,China witnessed many changes,especially the progress in agricultural development.(9)What I have done is not good enough.(10)I have something important to tell you.(11)On
36、e special law of the market economy is that demand decides market.(12)Only by working hard,can you make up for what you have lost before.(13)As early as 1649,Ohio made a decision that schools must be established in every town having 50 households or more.(14)It is well known that China is a country
37、with rich natural resources and big population.第三十五页,共42页。五五、补补 全全 译译 法法 1.当前当前(dngqin)能源问题日益突出,直接影响到世界经济的稳定与能源问题日益突出,直接影响到世界经济的稳定与繁荣。繁荣。Energy security has become an increasingly pressing issue.It directly affects global economic stability and prosperity.2.中国奉行透明的防御性国防政策,立足点是维护国家的安全和统一。中国奉行透明的防御性国防
38、政策,立足点是维护国家的安全和统一。China pursues a transparent defense policy.The policy is defensive in nature and it is aimed at safeguarding Chinas national security and unity.第三十六页,共42页。1.他的一生都致力于帮助那些他的一生都致力于帮助那些经经常被人忽常被人忽视视(hsh)的人,也的人,也就是那些就是那些贫穷贫穷的人,被的人,被遗遗弃的人,患病的人,和生命垂危的弃的人,患病的人,和生命垂危的人。人。He was devoted to he
39、lping those who are often overlooked:the poor,the abandoned,the sick and the dying.2.有些人喜有些人喜欢欢名,有些人喜名,有些人喜欢欢利,而他既不喜利,而他既不喜欢欢名,也不喜名,也不喜欢欢利,只喜利,只喜欢欢普普通通的生活。普普通通的生活。Some people like fame,others like money,while he has interest in nothing but an ordinary life.六、六、缩缩 句句 译译 法法 第三十七页,共42页。七七、转转 态态 译译 法法 1
40、.一份一份1989年的年的联联合国合国报报告中指出,在非洲每砍伐告中指出,在非洲每砍伐(knf)100棵棵树树木,木,仅仅仅仅新种植新种植9棵棵树树。A 1989 United Nations report noted that only 9 trees were being replanted in Africa for every 100 that were cut down.2.判断(pndun)应该以事实为依据。Judgment should be based on facts.第三十八页,共42页。练习/将下列句子译成英语,注意使用正反译法(1)他是一个沉默寡言的人。(2)我的时间太
41、少了,不能完成这项工作。(3)没有(mi yu)什么希望。(4)人不可貌相。(5)他太累了,无法完成工作。(6)欲速则不达。(7)来参加会议的多达500人。(8)听到这个消息,他情不自禁地哭了起来。(9)活到老,学到老。八八、正正 反反 译译 法法第三十九页,共42页。(10)他的设计无与伦比。(11)一份耕耘,一份收获。(12)爱美之心人皆有之。(13)我做得远远不够完美(wnmi)。(14)飞机飞得看不见了。(15)我们没咖啡喝了。第四十页,共42页。(1)He is a man of few words.(2)I have too little time to finish this w
42、ork.(3)There is(but)little hope.(4)Beauty is but skin deep.(5)He is too tired to finish the work.(6)More haste,less speed.(7)There are no less than 500 people attending the meeting.(8)On hearing the news,he couldnt help crying.(9)No one is too old to learn.第四十一页,共42页。(10)His design is beyond compare.(11)No pains,no gains.(12)Nobody is not in love with beauty.(13)What I have done is far from being perfect.(14)The plane flew out of sight.(15)Were out of coffee.第四十二页,共42页。