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1、大学英语公众演讲Chapter 4 The body of the speech电子课件The body of the speechContent Opening discussion Appreciating the speech Practice Building a deeper understanding The goals of this lecture Critical thinkingOpening DiscussionWhatmakes a good main point?What materials can a speaker use to support ideas?Wha
2、tare the most common organizational patterns for speeches?After successfully completing this unit,you should be able to:devise main points of a speechdevise main points of a speechdevise main points of a speechdevise main points of a speech conduct research and select appropriate supporting conduct
3、research and select appropriate supporting conduct research and select appropriate supporting conduct research and select appropriate supporting materials for your speechmaterials for your speechmaterials for your speechmaterials for your speech understand different organizational patterns of speech
4、esunderstand different organizational patterns of speechesunderstand different organizational patterns of speechesunderstand different organizational patterns of speeches use transitions to make your speech more coherentuse transitions to make your speech more coherentuse transitions to make your sp
5、eech more coherentuse transitions to make your speech more coherentSimplicity Basic characteristics of main ideasusing the parallel structureLimiting the numbers of mian points Restricting each main point ot a single idea1.Simplicity1.Simplicity1.Simplicity1.SimplicityMain points serve as memory aid
6、s.A main Main points serve as memory aids.A main Main points serve as memory aids.A main Main points serve as memory aids.A main point should be stated in a short sentence point should be stated in a short sentence point should be stated in a short sentence point should be stated in a short sentence
7、 so that they are eary to remember for both so that they are eary to remember for both so that they are eary to remember for both so that they are eary to remember for both the speaker and the audience.the speaker and the audience.the speaker and the audience.the speaker and the audience.2.Limiting
8、th number of main points2.Limiting th number of main points2.Limiting th number of main points2.Limiting th number of main pointsA speech cannot cover to many maain pointsA speech cannot cover to many maain pointsA speech cannot cover to many maain pointsA speech cannot cover to many maain points3.R
9、estricting each main point to a single 3.Restricting each main point to a single 3.Restricting each main point to a single 3.Restricting each main point to a single idea idea idea idea Each main point should just focus on one Each main point should just focus on one Each main point should just focus
10、 on one Each main point should just focus on one main idea or issue and be distinct from the main idea or issue and be distinct from the main idea or issue and be distinct from the main idea or issue and be distinct from the others.others.others.others.e.g.e.g.e.g.e.g.I.I.I.I.Muslims do fasting from
11、 dawn to sunsetMuslims do fasting from dawn to sunsetMuslims do fasting from dawn to sunsetMuslims do fasting from dawn to sunsetII.II.II.II.Muslims do more charity work during Muslims do more charity work during Muslims do more charity work during Muslims do more charity work during RamadanRamadanR
12、amadanRamadanIII.III.III.III.Muslims perform more prayers at night Muslims perform more prayers at night Muslims perform more prayers at night Muslims perform more prayers at night during Ramadan.during Ramadan.during Ramadan.during Ramadan.4.Using the parallel structure4.Using the parallel structur
13、e4.Using the parallel structure4.Using the parallel structureMain ideas should be phrased in a similar Main ideas should be phrased in a similar Main ideas should be phrased in a similar Main ideas should be phrased in a similar grammatical structure and length,which grammatical structure and length
14、,which grammatical structure and length,which grammatical structure and length,which will be easy for the audience to follow and will be easy for the audience to follow and will be easy for the audience to follow and will be easy for the audience to follow and remember.remember.remember.remember.e.g
15、.e.g.e.g.e.g.I.I.I.I.The first stage of cyber literature The first stage of cyber literature The first stage of cyber literature The first stage of cyber literature development came with no profit.development came with no profit.development came with no profit.development came with no profit.II.II.I
16、I.II.The second stage of cyber literature The second stage of cyber literature The second stage of cyber literature The second stage of cyber literature development came with profits and fame.development came with profits and fame.development came with profits and fame.development came with profits
17、and fame.III.III.III.III.The third stage of cyber literature The third stage of cyber literature The third stage of cyber literature The third stage of cyber literature development came with massive purchases development came with massive purchases development came with massive purchases development
18、 came with massive purchases of Intellectual Property of Intellectual Property of Intellectual Property of Intellectual Property Main points are like Main points are like Main points are like Main points are like the banches of a the banches of a the banches of a the banches of a tree,and supporting
19、 tree,and supporting tree,and supporting tree,and supporting materials represent materials represent materials represent materials represent the leaves and make the leaves and make the leaves and make the leaves and make the tree more the tree more the tree more the tree more beautifulbeautifulbeaut
20、ifulbeautiful1.Examples1.Examples1.Examples1.ExamplesExamples are the most frequently used type Examples are the most frequently used type Examples are the most frequently used type Examples are the most frequently used type of supporting materials.of supporting materials.of supporting materials.of
21、supporting materials.In some cases,one detailed example is In some cases,one detailed example is In some cases,one detailed example is In some cases,one detailed example is enough for the development of one point;enough for the development of one point;enough for the development of one point;enough
22、for the development of one point;other situations might call for a series of other situations might call for a series of other situations might call for a series of other situations might call for a series of short examples.short examples.short examples.short examples.Remember to explain why the exa
23、mples are Remember to explain why the examples are Remember to explain why the examples are Remember to explain why the examples are relevant,as your audience might not get relevant,as your audience might not get relevant,as your audience might not get relevant,as your audience might not get your po
24、int by themselves.your point by themselves.your point by themselves.your point by themselves.2.Statistics2.Statistics2.Statistics2.StatisticsStatistics are another great device to Statistics are another great device to Statistics are another great device to Statistics are another great device to sup
25、port your main point with valuable support your main point with valuable support your main point with valuable support your main point with valuable information.information.information.information.Statistics can help to convince your Statistics can help to convince your Statistics can help to convin
26、ce your Statistics can help to convince your audience of the credibility of your audience of the credibility of your audience of the credibility of your audience of the credibility of your information source while also yeilding an information source while also yeilding an information source while al
27、so yeilding an information source while also yeilding an emotional impact on them.emotional impact on them.emotional impact on them.emotional impact on them.3.Testimony3.Testimony3.Testimony3.TestimonyThere are two types of testimonies:expert There are two types of testimonies:expert There are two t
28、ypes of testimonies:expert There are two types of testimonies:expert testimony and peer testimony.testimony and peer testimony.testimony and peer testimony.testimony and peer testimony.Expert testimony is a statement that comes Expert testimony is a statement that comes Expert testimony is a stateme
29、nt that comes Expert testimony is a statement that comes from respected experts in the field of your from respected experts in the field of your from respected experts in the field of your from respected experts in the field of your subject.subject.subject.subject.Peer testimnoy comes form a person
30、who is Peer testimnoy comes form a person who is Peer testimnoy comes form a person who is Peer testimnoy comes form a person who is not an expert,like your parents,teachers,not an expert,like your parents,teachers,not an expert,like your parents,teachers,not an expert,like your parents,teachers,cla
31、ssmates or maybe a character in a movie.classmates or maybe a character in a movie.classmates or maybe a character in a movie.classmates or maybe a character in a movie.Your personal experience and interviewsMaterials in print Electronic supporitng materials Citing sources orally can add credibility
32、 Citing sources orally can add credibility Citing sources orally can add credibility Citing sources orally can add credibility to your speech.to your speech.to your speech.to your speech.e.g.I know form my class survey that.e.g.I know form my class survey that.e.g.I know form my class survey that.e.
33、g.I know form my class survey that.The China Daily reports.The China Daily reports.The China Daily reports.The China Daily reports.According to a study conducted by.According to a study conducted by.According to a study conducted by.According to a study conducted by.Topical orderOrganization pattern
34、sChronological order Spatial orderProblem-solution pattern1.Topical order1.Topical order1.Topical order1.Topical orderThe most common organizational pattern for The most common organizational pattern for The most common organizational pattern for The most common organizational pattern for a speech i
35、s by topic.a speech is by topic.a speech is by topic.a speech is by topic.You have a topic and divide it into several You have a topic and divide it into several You have a topic and divide it into several You have a topic and divide it into several subtopics.subtopics.subtopics.subtopics.2.Chronolo
36、gical order2.Chronological order2.Chronological order2.Chronological orderChronological order is an organization Chronological order is an organization Chronological order is an organization Chronological order is an organization pattern in which actions or events are pattern in which actions or eve
37、nts are pattern in which actions or events are pattern in which actions or events are presented as they occur or occurred in time.presented as they occur or occurred in time.presented as they occur or occurred in time.presented as they occur or occurred in time.Topics that begin with phrases such as
38、“Topics that begin with phrases such as“Topics that begin with phrases such as“Topics that begin with phrases such as“the stages/process of,”the history the stages/process of,”the history the stages/process of,”the history the stages/process of,”the history of,”or“the evolution of,”adopt this of,”or
39、“the evolution of,”adopt this of,”or“the evolution of,”adopt this of,”or“the evolution of,”adopt this pattern pattern pattern pattern 3.Spatial order 3.Spatial order 3.Spatial order 3.Spatial order While chronological order organizes main While chronological order organizes main While chronological
40、order organizes main While chronological order organizes main ideas according to time,spatial order ideas according to time,spatial order ideas according to time,spatial order ideas according to time,spatial order arranges them according to physical space,arranges them according to physical space,ar
41、ranges them according to physical space,arranges them according to physical space,such as from left or right or from top to such as from left or right or from top to such as from left or right or from top to such as from left or right or from top to bottom.bottom.bottom.bottom.4.Problem-solution pat
42、tern 4.Problem-solution pattern 4.Problem-solution pattern 4.Problem-solution pattern A frequently-used organizational approach A frequently-used organizational approach A frequently-used organizational approach A frequently-used organizational approach in persuasive speeches is a problem-in persuas
43、ive speeches is a problem-in persuasive speeches is a problem-in persuasive speeches is a problem-solution pattern,which divides the body of solution pattern,which divides the body of solution pattern,which divides the body of solution pattern,which divides the body of a speech into two sections:a c
44、ompelling a speech into two sections:a compelling a speech into two sections:a compelling a speech into two sections:a compelling problem and convincing solutions.problem and convincing solutions.problem and convincing solutions.problem and convincing solutions.This pattern is persuasive because you
45、 This pattern is persuasive because you This pattern is persuasive because you This pattern is persuasive because you propose feasible plans or actions.propose feasible plans or actions.propose feasible plans or actions.propose feasible plans or actions.Transitions are words,phrases,or Transitions a
46、re words,phrases,or Transitions are words,phrases,or Transitions are words,phrases,or sentences that show logical connections sentences that show logical connections sentences that show logical connections sentences that show logical connections between ideas.between ideas.between ideas.between idea
47、s.Effective transitions require more than Effective transitions require more than Effective transitions require more than Effective transitions require more than just adding one word or phrase between main just adding one word or phrase between main just adding one word or phrase between main just a
48、dding one word or phrase between main pointspointspointspointsSignpostsSignpostsSignpostsSignpostsABInternal previewInternal previewInternal previewInternal previewTypes of transitionsInternal summary Internal summary Internal summary Internal summary CWatch the speech given by Emily Watch the speec
49、h given by Emily Watch the speech given by Emily Watch the speech given by Emily Smith.Workk in a group and have a Smith.Workk in a group and have a Smith.Workk in a group and have a Smith.Workk in a group and have a discussion on the following discussion on the following discussion on the following
50、 discussion on the following questions.questions.questions.questions.1.What are the specific purpose,1.What are the specific purpose,1.What are the specific purpose,1.What are the specific purpose,thesis statement,organization thesis statement,organization thesis statement,organization thesis statem