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1、Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识内存基本知识DRAMDRAM工作工作原理原理Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDynamic Random Access MemoryEach cell is a capacitor+a transistorVery small sizeSRAM uses six transistors per cellDivided into banks,rows&column
2、sEach bank can be independently controlled内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialMain MemoryEverything that happens in the computer is resident in main memoryCapacity:around 100 Mbyte to 100 Gbyte Random access Typical access time is 10-100 nanosecondsWhy DRAM
3、for Main Memory?Cost effective(small chip area than SRAM)High Speed(than HDD,flash)High Density(Gbyte)Mass Production Main memoryRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialNotation:K,M,G In standard scientific nomenclature,the metricmodifiers K,M,and G to refer to factors of 1,0
4、00,1,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 respectively.Computer engineers have adopted K as thesymbol for a factor of 1,024(210)K:1,024(210)M:1,048,576(220)G:1,073,741,824(230)DRAM density 256M-bit 512M-bitRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM DensityRamaxel Technology LimitedRam
5、axel Technology LimitedConfidentialWhat is a DRAM?DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory.Random access refers to the ability to access any of the information within the DRAM in random order.Dynamic refers to temporary or transient data storage.Data stored in dynamic memories naturally decays o
6、ver time.Therefore,DRAM need periodic refresh operation to prevent data loss.Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialMemory:DRAM position Semiconductor memory device ROM:Non volatile Mask ROM EPROM EEPROM Flash NAND:low speed,high density NOR:high speed,low density RAM:Volati
7、le DRAM:Dynamic Random Access Memory SRAM:Static Random Access Memory Pseudo SRAMRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM Trend:Future High Speed-DDR(333MHz500MHz),DDR2(533800Mbps),DDR3(8001600Mbps)-Skew-delay minimized circuit/logic:post-charge logic,wave-pipelining-New
8、Architecture:multi-bank structure,high speed Interface Low Power-5.5V=3.3V(sdr)=2.5V(ddr)=1.8V(ddr2)=1.5v(ddr3)=1.2v?-Small voltage swing I/O interface:LVTTL to SSTL,open drain-Low Power DRAM(PASR,TCSR,DPD)High Density-Memory density:32MB=64MB=.1GB=2GB=4GB-application expansion:mobile,memory DB for
9、shock(than HDD)-Process shrink:145nm(03)=120nm(04)=100nm=90nm=80nm Other Trends-Cost Effectiveness,Technical Compatibility,Stability,Environment.ReliabilityRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理SRAMBasic storage element is a 4 or 6 transistor circuit which wil
10、l hold a 1 or 0 as long as the system continues to receive powerNo need for a periodic refreshing signal or a clockUsed in system cacheFastest memory,but expensiveSRAM ElementEnable Line/Bit LineBit LineRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理DRAMDenser type of
11、memoryMade up of one-transistor(1-T)memory cell which consists of a single access transistor and a capacitorCheaper than SRAMUsed in main memoryMore complicated addressing schemeDRAM CellWord LineBit LineRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Capacitor leaks ov
12、er time,the DRAM must be“REFRESHED”.DRAM CellWord LineBit LineCapacitance LeakageRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialSRAM vs.DRAMRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM Lead Frame
13、 and Wire bondingRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM ArchitectureRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialSDRAM has the multi bank architecture.Conventional DRAM was product that have single bank architecture.The bank is independent active.memo
14、ry array have independent internal data bus that have same width as external data bus.Every bank can be activating with interleaving manner.Another bank can be activated while 1st bank being accessed.(Burst read or write)Multi Bank ArchitectureRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConf
15、identialDRAM Multi Bank ArchitectureRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM Single Bank ArchitectureRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM Block Diagram(1)Ramaxel Technology Lim
16、itedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM Block Diagram(2)Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM Core ArchitectureRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM AddressRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM Core A
17、rchitectureRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential16bit DRAM CoreRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM Data PathRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM 1T-1C structureRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology Lim
18、itedConfidentialuRAS:row address strobeuCAS:column address strobeuWE:write enableuAddress:code to select memory cell locationuDQ(I/O):bidirectional channel to transfer and receive datauDRAM cell:storage element to store binary data bituRefresh:the action to keep data from leakageuActive:sense data f
19、rom DRAM celluPre charge:standby stateDRAM Key wordRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDRAM cell array consist of so many cells.One transistor&One capacitorSmall sense amplifierLow input gain from charge sharingCS:Small storage capacitor:25fFCBL:Large parasitic capacitor:
20、over 100fFVc:Storage voltageVCP:half Vc for plate biasVBLP:half Vc for BL pre charge bias(initial bias)DRAM CellRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Simplified ExampleRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Activating a R
21、owMust be done before a read or writeJust latch the row address and turn on a single wordlineRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理WritingA row must be activeSelect the column addressDrive the data through the column muxStores the charge on a single capacitorR
22、amaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理ReadingA row must be activeSelect the column addressThe value in the sense-amplifier is driven back outRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Sense-AmplifierA pair of cross-coupled inv
23、ertersBasically an SRAM elementWeaker than the column muxWrite data will“outmuscle”the sense-amplifierKeeps the data at full levelRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理PrechargeInactive state(no wordlines active)Precharge control line highTies the two sides of
24、 the sense-amp togetherThis makes the bitlines stay at VDD/2Only stable as long as the precharge control line is highotherwise this is unstable!No capacitors connectedRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理ActivationTurn off the precharge control lineMakes the
25、sense-amp unstableit wants to go to either 0 or 1 instead of staying at VDD/2A very very very short time later,turn on the wordline of the row to be activated.Couples the capacitor onto the bitlinesThis“tips”the bitlines to hold the stored value.The sense-amp amplifies the capacitor back to full val
26、ue.(hence the name!)Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Because the stored memory value is stored on a capacitor(that has resistive leakage),the memory is constantly“forgetting”its contents.Eventually,the charge on the capacitor wont be enough to tip the sen
27、se-amp in the right direction.But,activating a row restores the cells on that row to their full value.There is an explicit refresh command that just activates and immediately deactivates a row.The DRAM has an internal counter that contains the next row to be refreshed and increments every time a ref
28、resh command is issued.Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Data Retention Time DRAM Cell consists of capacitance which has leakage as time Retention time is period for maintaining its data especially 1 data Usually,DRAM Cell refresh period is 64msRefresh Tim
29、ing tREF:Real cell retention time(Device characteristic),ex)90ms(Hot)tRFC:Refresh command operating time,ex)75nsRefresh Spec.Burst Refresh:64ms Distribute refresh-128Mb device(12 Row address):64ms/4K=15.6us-256Mb device(13 Row address):64ms/8K=7.8usRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology Limite
30、dConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理 When this command is input from the IDLE state,the synchronous DRAM starts autorefresh operation.During the auto-refresh operation,refresh address and bank select address are generated inside the Synchronous DRAM.For every auto-refresh cycle,the internal address counter i
31、s updated.Accordingly,8192times are required to refresh the entire memory.Before executing the auto-refresh command,all the bank must be IDLE state.In addition,since the Precharge for all bank is automatically performed after auto-refresh,no Precharge command is required after auto-refresh.Ramaxel T
32、echnology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理 Self-Refresh EntrySELF:When this command is input during the IDLE state,the Synchronous DRAM starts self-refresh operation.After the execution of this command,selfrefresh continues while CKE is Low.Since self-refresh is performed
33、internally and automatically,external refresh operations are unnecessary.Self-Refresh ExitSELFX:When this command is executed during self-refresh mode,the Sync DRAM can exit from self-refresh mode.After exiting from self-refresh mode,the Sync DRAM enters the IDLE state.,no Precharge command is requi
34、red after auto-refresh.Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Special command to initialize the DRAMBurst lengthInterleavingCAS Latency(read command to read data in clocks)For DDR,DLL reset is also hereRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfide
35、ntialMRS Block DiagramRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Because the stored memory value is stored on aRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Special command to initialize DDR DRAMDDR onlydont use for SDRDLL EnableDriv
36、e StrengthRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Command SignalsCAS#,RAS#,WE#,CS#CS#+CAS#=ReadCS#+WE#+CAS#=WriteCS#+RAS#+CAS#=RefreshCS#+RAS#=ActivateCS#+WE#=Burst StopCS#+WE#+RAS#=PrechargeCS#+WE#+CAS#+RAS#=MRS or EMRSAll others:NOPOther signals:CLK,DATA,DQSRa
37、maxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理All signals go from the host to the memory except DQS and data which are bi-directional.Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Typical Read CycleBurst Length 4CAS Latency=3Ramaxel Techn
38、ology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Typical Write CycleBurst Length 4Write latency is always zeroRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理CLK is always driven by the hostDQS is driven by whoever is driving the dataNV chip drives on wr
39、ite cyclesMemory chip drives on read cyclesThis scheme is called“source-synchronous clocking”Eliminates a lot of the timing headaches from SDRAdds marginRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理All kindsActivate to PrechargeLast write data to prechargeActivate to
40、 ReadActivate to WriteRefresh cycle timeRefresh intervalMinimum row active timeYadda yadda yaddaControlled by PFB_TIMING0,PFB_TIMING1,PFB_TIMING2Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原
41、理A DLL is a Delay-Locked LoopNo transistor can switch in zero time,so there will be a delay between clock and DQS on readsBut,it would make it easier if DQS was always in phase with clock.DLL-off clock-DQS delay not in the specVaries between memory vendorsRe-creates a delayed version of its input cl
42、ockKeeps DQS on reads aligned with clocksIts an analog circuit and is sensitive to noiseCan lose lock on the input clock if the signal is not clean or the DLL power supply is noisy.Ramaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理DLL onDLL offRamaxel Technology LimitedRa
43、maxel Technology LimitedConfidential tAA,tAC,tOH tRCD,tRP Set-up/Hold time Vih,Vil Voh,Vol Ioh,IolTiming ParametersRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialSDRAM Timing DiagramRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialtAA,tAC,tOH(SDRAM)Ramaxel Technology
44、LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialSetup/hold time Timing for latching data in Input buffer CLK rising edge is strobe for data(SDRAM)DQS rising&falling edge is strobe for data(DDR SDRAM)During Setup&time,there is no abnormal signal allowedRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology Limite
45、dConfidentialVIH/VILRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialVOH/VOLRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialIOH/IOLRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidentialDC SpecRamaxel Technology LimitedRamaxel Technology LimitedConfidential内存基本知识DRAM工作原理