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1、2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)本文由凯程陆老师整理Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,Cor D on theANSWERSHEET.(10 points)Trust is atricky business.Onthe one hand,its a necessarycondition1many worthwhile things:childcare,friendships,et
2、c.Onthe other hand,putting your2,in the wrong place often carries a high3.4,why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good.5people place their trust in an individualor an institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormone that6pleasurable feelings and triggers theherding instruct that prompts hu
3、mans to7with one another.Scientists have found that exposure8this hormone puts us in a trusting9:In a Swissstudy,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the nosesof halfthe subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than weretheir10who inhaled something e
4、lse.11for us,we also have a sixth sensefor dishonesty that may12us.A Canadian study foundthat children asyoung as 14 months candifferentiate13acredible person and a dishonest one.Sixtytoddlers were each14to an adult tester holding a plastic container.The tester would ask,“Whats inhere?”before lookin
5、g into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Eachsubject was then invited to look15.Half of them found a toy;the other half16the container was empty-and realized the tester had17them.Among the children who had not been tricked,the majority were18to cooperate with the tester inlearning anew skil
6、l,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19,only five of the 30 children pairedwith the“20”tester participated in afollow-up activity.1.A on B like Cfor D from2.A faith B concern Cattention D interest3.A benefit B debt C hope D price4.A Therefore B Then CInstead D Again5.AUntil B UnlessC Alt
7、hough D When6.A selects B produces C applies D maintains7.A consult B compete C connect D compare8.A at B by Cof Dto9.A context B mood C period D circle10.A counterparts B substitutes C colleagues Dsupporters11.A Funny B LuckyC Odd D Ironic12.A monitor B protect C surprise D delight13.A between B wi
8、thin C toward D over14.A transferred B added C introduced D entrusted15.A out B back Caround D inside16.A discovered B proved C insisted D.remembered17.A betrayed Bwronged C fooled D mocked18.A forced B willing C hesitant D entitled19.A In contrast B Asa result C On the whole D For instance20.A infl
9、exible B incapable C unreliable D unsuitableSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,Cor D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWERSHEET.(40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle classis one that w
10、ill probably go unmentioned in the nextpresidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,accordingto a University of Oxford study,with the middle classdisproportionatelysqueezed.Low
11、er-income jobs likegardening or day care dont appeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering have aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.Thisisnt to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheava
12、l has benefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but iteventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation shouldeventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by drivi
13、ng down prices,and free workers from hard,boringwork.But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The SecondMachine Age,should berethinking education and job training.Curriculums from grammar school to col
14、lege-should evolve to focusless on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do abetter job of fostering problem-solving skillsand helping students work alongside robots.Online education cansupplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training
15、 and instruction affordable.Professionals trying toacquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading businessdynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous erasof drastic tech
16、nological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best usesof3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will inventthem.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital
17、income and labor income,taxesand the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxeson low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies suchas the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,rewardcompanies for job creation,and reduce inequality.Technology will imp
18、rove society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfortto those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming forour jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most thr
19、eatened by automation?A Leading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the author sview?A Worries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssuesarising from automation need to be
20、 tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.Education in the ageof automation should put more emphasis onA creative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit.24.The author suggeststhat tax policies be aimed atA encouraging the development of automation.Bincr
21、easing the return on capital investment.Ceasingthe hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text,the author presents a problem withA opposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard Uni
22、versity finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of PresidentTrumps use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filteredthrough other source,Not a president ssocial media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlin
23、es.Yet asdistrust hasrisen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Sucha trend is badly needed.During the 2016presidential campaign,nearly aquarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state ofMichigan was fake news,according to th
24、e University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for BuzzFeedNewsfound 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction incyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey
25、of young people between ages14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-checksources and prefer news from differentperspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a great deal ofpersonal responsibility for educating themselves and activel
26、y seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the surveyconcluded.Suchactive research can have another effect.A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,Britain,and the UnitedStates by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on socialmedia led to greaterpolitical engagement.Socialmedia
27、allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while alsopermitting them to re-share news asa projection of their values and interests.Thisforces users to be moreconscious of their role in passing along information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reasongiven by
28、 Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factualmistakes in reporting.About a third saythe problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretationor exaggeration ofactual news”via social media.In other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the h
29、eart of theissue.“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”saysRoxanneStone,editor in chief at Barna Group.Sowhen young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mental discipline in thinkingskills and in their choices on when to sha
30、re on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs1 and 2,many young Americans cast doubts onA the justification of the news-filtering practice.B peoples preference for social media platforms.C the administrations ability to handle information.D socialmedia was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase
31、“beer up”(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning toA sharpenB defineC boastD share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young peopleA tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B verify news by referring to diverse resources.C have s strong senseof responsibility.D like to exchangeviews on“distr
32、ibuted trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main causefor the fake news problem isA readers outdated values.B journalists biased reportingC readers misinterpretationD journalists made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A ARise in Critical Skills for Sharing N
33、ews OnlineB ACounteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessmentof the dangers of the deal between Britains National Health Service(NHS)andDeepMind must start by acknowle
34、dging that both sides mean well.DeepMind is one of the leading artificialintelligence(AI)companies in the world.The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great,but itcould also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It Is against that background that theinformation
35、commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,hasissued her damning verdict against the RoyalFree hospitaltrust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis ofa vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of
36、privacy.DeepMind hasalmost apologized.The NHStrust has mended its ways.Further arrangements-and theremay be many-between the NHSand DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessarypermissions have been askedof patients and all unnecessary data hasbeen cleaned.There are lessons abo
37、utinformed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this caseand not even the most important.Ms Denham choseto concentrate the blame on the NHStrust,since under existing law it“controlled”the dataand DeepMind merely“processed it.But this distinction misses the point that it is p
38、rocessing andaggregation,not the mere possessionof bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysisof all the data that our lives now generate.Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.Thatmisses the w
39、ay the surveillance economy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it iscompared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.This practice doesnot addressthe real worry.It is not enough to
40、 saythat the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patientsand savelives.What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using publicresources.If software promises to savelives on the scalethat dugs now can,big data may be expected tobehave as abig pharm hasdone.
41、We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turnout to have gigantic consequences later.A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.MsDenhams report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHSand DeepMind?A It caused con
42、flicts among tech giants.B It failed to pay due attention to patient s rights.C It fell short of the latters expectationsD It put both sidesinto a dangerous situation.32.The NHStrust responded to Denhams verdict withA empty promises.B tough resistance.C necessaryadjustments.D sincere apologies.33.Th
43、e author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B leaking patients data is worse than selling it.C making profits from patients data is illegal.D the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this
44、deal isA the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C the uncontrolled useof new software.D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The authors attitude toward the application of AIto healthcare isA ambiguous.B cautious.C appreciative.D contemptuous.Text 4T
45、he U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of$5.6 billion for fiscal 2016,the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120 billion inunfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.Thereare many bankruptci
46、es.Fundamentally,the USPSis in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreaseddemand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and aregulatory structure that denies managementthe flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging
47、 from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure onthe USPS sultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of thestatus quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed inrecent
48、years,leaving the Postal Serviceunable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved-Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and thesystems heaviest usershasfinally agreed on aplan to fix the system.Legislation is moving through the Houset
49、hat would saveUSPSan estimated$28.6 billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,amongother survival measures.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letterpermanent rate increase andfrom shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial
50、 burden of annuallypre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPSand its union.If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate where someone is bound topoint out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessaryto keep the Postal