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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2015考研英语真题Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for eachnumbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.Thatis _(1)_a stud
2、y,published from the University of Californiaand Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academyof Sciences,has_(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)_1,932unique subjects which _(4)_pairs of unrelated friends andunrelated strangers.The same people were used in both_(5)_.
3、While 1%may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist.AsJames Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins butsomehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_ourkin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell weresomething shared
4、in friends but not genes for immunity.Whythis similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similarenvironments but there is more_(11)_it.There could be manymechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosinggenetically similar friends_
5、(13)_”functional Kinship”ofbeing friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was thesimilar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pacein the last 30,000 years,with soc
6、ial environment being amajor_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain peoples_(18)_tobefriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds,say theresearchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from apopulation of European extraction,care was taken to_(20)_thatall subjects,friends and strangers,were taken
7、 from the samepopulation.1.A when B why C how D what2.A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised3.A for B with C on D by4.A compared B sought C separated D connected5.A tests B s Csamples D examples6.A insignificant B unexpected Cunbelievable Dincredible7.A visit B miss C seek D know8.A resemble B
8、 influence C favor D surpass9.A again B also C instead D thus10.A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps11.A about B to Cfrom Dlike12.A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit13.A according to B rather than C regardless of Dalong with14.A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits15.A later Bslower C fas
9、ter D earlier16.Aforecast Bremember Cunderstand Dexpress17.A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！disruptive18.A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency19.A political B religious C ethnic D economic20.A see B show C prove D tellSection II Read
10、ing ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions beloweach text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings dontabdicate,they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandalsand the popularit
11、y of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing itslast days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for allEuropean royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majesticlifestyle?The Spa
12、nish case provides arguments both for and againstmonarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised,as itwas following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can riseabove“mere”politics and“embody”a spirit of nationalunity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics thatexplains monarchscontinu
13、ing popularity polarized.And also,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infestedregion in the world,with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts inthe Gulf and Asia,most royal families hav
14、e survived becausethey allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their veryhistoryand sometimes the way they behave today embodiesoutdated and inde
15、fensible privileges and inequalities.At atime when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning ofrising inequality and the increasing power of inheritedwealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic familiesshould still be the symbolic heart of modern democraticstates.The most successful monarch
16、ies strive to abandon or hidetheir old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult tomaintain the right image.While Eu
17、ropes monarchies will no doubt be smart enoughto survive for some time to come,it is the British royals whohave most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchysreputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)grannystyle.The danger will come with Charles,w
18、ho has both anexpensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view ofthe world.He has failed to understand that monarchies havelargely survived because they provide a service as non-欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles oughtto k
19、now that as English history shows,it is kings,notrepublicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King JuanCarlos of SpainA used turn enjoy high public supportB was unpopular among European royalsC cased his relationship with his rivalsDended his reign in emba
20、rrassment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostlyA owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC to give voter more public figures to look up toDdue to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be
21、 odd,accordingto Paragraph 4?A Aristocratsexcessive reliance on inherited wealthB The role of the nobility in modern democraciesC The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic familiesDThe nobilitys adherence to their privileges24.The British royals“have most to fear”becauseCharlesA takes a rough line on
22、 political issuesB fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC takes republicans as his potential alliesD fails to adapt himself to his future role25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！B Charles,Anxiou
23、s to Succeed to the ThroneC Carlos,a Lesson for All European MonarchsDCharles,Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digitaldata?The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police cansearch the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if thephon
24、e is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from asweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the oldassumptions that authorities may search through thepossessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It ishard,the state argues,for judges to assess th
25、e implicationsof new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followedCalifornias advice.Enough of the implications arediscernable,even obvious,so that the justice can and shouldprovide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by disca
26、rding Californias lameargument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-a vaststorehouse of digital information is similar to say,goingthrough a suspects purse.The court has ruled that policedont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through thewallet or porcketbook,of an arrestee without a w
27、arrant.Butexploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or herhome.A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive recordsof recent correspondence.The development of“cloud欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！computing.”meanwhi
28、le,has made that exploration so much theeasier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argumentwhole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novelapplications of the Constitutions protections.Orin Kerr,alaw professor,compares the explosion and accessibility ofdigital information in the 2
29、1st century with the establishmentof automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personaldomain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how theFourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court,will work out
30、 whether,during anarrest,it is legitimate toA search for suspectsmobile phones without a warrant.B check suspectsphone contents without beingauthorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias
31、argumentis one ofA tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phonecontent is comparable toA getting into ones residence.B handing ones historical records.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！C scanning ones correspondences.D going thro
32、ugh ones wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concernthatA principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizensprivacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to
33、indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of theConstitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of theConstitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round o
34、fstatistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chiefMarcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similarefforts from other journals,after widespread concern thatbasic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to theirreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must ha
35、ve confidence in the conclusionspublished in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journalhas appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manu will be flagged up for additionalscrutiny by the journals internal ed
36、itors,or by its欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peerreviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find externalstatisticians to review these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled thechange,McNutt said:“The creation of the statist
37、icsboardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the applicationof statistics and data analysis in scientific research and ispart of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibilityin the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the HarvardSchool of Public Health,a member of the
38、 SBoRE group,says heexpects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”Heagreed to join because he“found the foresight behind theestablishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely tohave a lasting impact.This impact will not only be throughthe publications in Science itself,but hopefully th
39、rough alarger group of publishing places that may want to model theirapproach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I thatA Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dla
40、ck of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest inmeaning toAfound.Brevised.Cmarked欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Dstored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment ofthe SBoRE mayApose a threat to all its peersBmeet with
41、strong oppositionCincrease Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA.adds to researchersworklosd.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is
42、the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto EditorsDesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago,Rupert Murdochs daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling dea
43、rth of integrity across so manyof our institutions”Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sortingmechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“its us,human beings,we the people who create the societywe want,not profit”.Driving her point home,sh
44、e continued:“Itsincreasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a morallanguage within government,media or business could become one欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”Thissame absence of moral purpose was wounding companies suc
45、h asNews International,shield thought,making it more likely thatit would lose its way as it had with widespread illegaltelephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson,for conspiringto hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Br
46、ooks,innocent of the same charge the winder issue of dearth ofintegrity still standstill,Journalists are known to havehacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.This is hacking on anindustrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,theman hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the pointperso
47、n for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long storystill unfolds.In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames notonly the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the termson which the trial took place.One of the astonishingrevelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went onin
48、her newsroom,wow little she thought to ask and the factthat she never inquired wow the stories arrived.The core ofher successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world,title has become normal that wellpaidexecutives should not be accountable for what happens in theorganizations that they
49、run perhaps we should not be sosurprised.For a generation,the collective doctrine has beenthat the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.Thewords that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility,欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！shareholder value,businessfriendly,wealth generation,
50、sales,impact and,in newspapers,circulation.Words degradedto the margin have been justice fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not topromote reader understanding to be fair in what was written orto betray any common humanity.It was to