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1、L i ngu i st i cs1. The scope o f li n guistics: （a b r a n ch o f linguist i cs t h a t .）p hone t ic s （语音学）：t he s tud y of ling u i s t i c s pe e ch sounds, h ow t he y are produce d , how t he y are perc e i ve d , and the i r physica 1 pro p erties. （study of the phon i c medium o f la n g u
2、a g e）p hon o logy:（音位学）the stu d y of how spec ch s ou n d s in aa nguage form patterns an d how these sou n d s are us e d t o conve y mean i n g in li n gu i sti c s communication.morphol o g y:（形态学）th e s tu d y of t h e w o r d stru c t u r e a n d word forma t i on.syn tax：（句法学）is t h e b ran
3、c h o f lingui s tics that studies the rules that govern the f orma t ion of sen t e nc e s .s emanti c s :（语义学” h e st u d y of li n gu i st i c meanin g .p ragm a tics:（语用学）a branch o fling u i s tics that studies the co n text o f 1 an g u a ge us e t o e f fee t s ucces s f u 1 c ommun i c ation
4、.Some distinctions in ling u istics： 1） P r e scriptive & d e s c r i p t ive1 0 . Lan g uage A c q u isitionTheor i e s of c h ild 1 a ng u age acquis i t i o n ：1)The b e ha v io r is tIm i tat i o n and pra c tic e arepr e 1 i mina r y,and di s c r imin ation and gen e r a liz a t i o na re cruci
5、a 1 to 1a ngu a ge devel o pment.(ha b i t -forming)Bu t it fails to expla i n howBu t it fails to expla i n howchild r e n a c quir emore c o mpl ex g r amm a tic a I struc t ures ofx g r amm a tic a I struc t ures oft he lang uage.2)Th e i n n a t i stLangua g e A c qui si tio n d e v i c e(LAD) C
6、 h oms k yt pr o pose d thathum a n beings are bo r n with an i n n atebility.t s ai d t h at th e “ t h e b lack b o x“ contain p ri n ciplethat are u niversalt o all hum a n 1 angu a ge.Univ e rsal G r amma r ( UG)3) The i n t e r a cti o ni s tI t holds t hat lan g ua g e dev e 1 ops a s a resul
7、t o f the complex i nter play bet ween the h um a n characteristi c s of the c h i Id and the envir o nme n t i n which he grows, mo there se chi 1 d d i r ected speech (CDS) care taker ta 1 kC r itical P eriod H y po t h e s i s (CPH) E r ic Lennebe r g LAD w orks su c ce s sf u 11 y only when it i
8、s stimu 1 ated a t the right time-a sp e c i fic and limit e d t ime per i od fo r language ac q u i sition. 7vv o ver s io ns:S trong one suggests tha t children must a c quir e t heir first la n g uage b y pu b er t y or th e y will ne v e r be able t o learn from subs e que n t exposure.Th e weak
9、 holds t h at language 1 e arning will b e more diffi c ult an d inc o mplete a f ter pub erty.1) 1 . Se c ond L a ngua g e Acquis i t ionPosit i v e t r a n sf e r 正迁移 f aci 1 itateNeg a tive tr a nsfer 负迁移 i nterfere o r h i n d erI n te r langu a ge 中介语It w a s e s tablis h e d as 1 e arners, in
10、d ep e ndent sys t em of th eseco n d 1 a n g u age, which is of nei t h e r t h e nati vela n g u age no r the se c o n d lan g ua g e, bu t a c o n t in u um or appro x imation from on e ex t r eme of his n at i ve 1 an g uage to the othe r of th e seco n d language.Fossil i za t ion 石化现象I t is a
11、p r o ces s o c cu r ri n g from time to time i n whic h incorre c t li n g u is t i c feature s b e c o me a perm a n ent pa r t of the way a p e r s o n s p e a ks or w rit e s a 1 ang uage.Acqui s i t i on 习得I t is a sub con s c i ous process wit h out mi n ute 1 e a min g of g r a m matica 1 rul
12、es.Le a rn i ng 学习It r efers to consci o us eff o rts t o learn th e s e cond 1 a ngu age kn o wledg e b y learnin g the rules and ta 1 k ing about t he r ules.Prescrip t i ve: a i ms to descri b e an d a nalyze the lang u age pe o p 1 e a ctu a 1 ly u seDes c ript i ve： aims to 1 ay down r ules for
13、 “c o rrect & standar d “ b e hav i o r in usin g la n g u age.(doc t or)Syn c h roni c & dia chro n ic 共时的&历时的Sync hroni c : the de s cri p tion o f a 1 a n gua g e at s ome point o f t i me i n h i s to r y .Di a c h r o ni c : th e des c ri p tio n o f a la n gu a ge a s it chan g e s th r ough t
14、 i me.2) Langue & pa ro 1 e 语言&言语Lan gue: refers t o t h e a bstr a ct linguisti c sys t em shared b y a 1 1 the m e m b ers o f a s pee c h c o mm u n i ty.Parole: r e f e rs to t h e r e al i z a tio e o f 1 a n g u a ge i n ac t ual u se.3) Compete nee & pe rfo rmance 语言能力&语言运用Com petence：the id
15、e a 1 users knowledge of t h e r u 1 e s of h i s langua g ePerform a n c e ： the a c tual realiza t i o n of thi s knowl edge in ling u istic c ommuni c ati o n.Design f eatu res o f language:1) a rbi t rarine s s:(任意性)mean s t here i s n o logical c o nnection b et w e e n m e ani n g s an ds ound
16、 s .2) P r odu c ti v ity: it ma k espossible t h ec o nst ructio na ndint e rpr e tat i o n o f n e w signals by i t s u s er s .3) Dua 1 ity:(双重性)dua 1 ity of str u c tureor doub 1 ear t icul atio n of la n gu a g e e n ablesu s er stota 1 kaboutanyth ingwith i n their k n o w 1 edg e .4) D i spl
17、a cemen t : language can b e use d to refer t o cont e x ts rem o ved f r om t h e imme d i ate situationsof the speaker.不受时空限制Cul t u ra 1 t ransmi s sion 文化传播(eg:狼孩)2 .Functio n s o f 1 a nguage:1) Desc r ipti v e f unct i on: it i s the f u ncti o n to con v ey f a c t u al i nformation, whic h c
18、an be ass e rted o r de n ied, andnsome cases e ve n veri fied.2) E xpres sive fun ctio n : supp 1i es in f ormationaboutth euse rsfeel i n g s, prefer e nc e s,pr e judic e s and value s.3) S o cial fun c t i on: serv e s toestabl i sh andmai ntai nsoc i al re 1 ation s be t w e e n pe o pl e .英由精音
19、分类in。open vowels. I hc（l（、c 。en vowels are 3 and or and the open vowels are aeqa I ）J and a： . The following diagram summarises our classification byLabial 双府音denial唇由音Dental 3齿槽音Palatal 将音Velar, 款将音Olottal声门音Stops爆破音VLPtkVDbdgFricatives 摩椁音VLshVDezAffricates 塞擦音VLf6tjVDVd3Nasals 鼻音VDmnLiquids 流音VDl
20、xGlides海音VDwJin。open vowels. I hc（l（、c 。en vowels are 3 and or and the open vowels are aeqa I ）J and a： . The following diagram summarises our classification byA third criterion e shape of the lips.that is often used in the classification of vowels is In English, allGont vowels aM.the c刘包0 r se g me
21、nt.0 r se g ment.u nit. I t is a uni t thatPho n e :（音素）i s a phonet i c u ni tPh o nem e :（音位）is a p h onolog i c ais a n abstract unit.i s of di s tinct i v e value. It.Mo r phemes 词素一the minimal u n i t s of me a ningThe smal 1 est un i t o f lang u age tha t c a r ri e s i n f orma t i o n about
22、 meaning o r fun c t i onF ree morpheme: a mo r ph e me whic h ca n be a word by i t s e 1 f.Bound o rp h e me: a mor p hem e must be atta c h e d t o anot heron e.D erivation a 1 mo r phemes:(衍生词素)t he morphemes w h ich changewor d s. They are conjoin ewor d s. They are conjoin ewords are der i ved
23、 or forthe c ategor y or g ram ma t ical c 1 ass of d to o ther morphemes / w o r d s, n e wmed. ( - e n,-ate,-i c ,-ou s ,-ly, -lion, -sive, -er) 标出Infl e cti o nal morp h em e s:(曲折词素)the y are attached to wo r ds or mo r ph e mes, but t h ey n e ver change their s y ntact i c c a te g ory.(-s,- e
24、 r,-e s t,-ed,-ing) O标出. C ategory： re f erst o a grou po f 1 i n guisti c itemswhichfulfill th e s ame o rsimila r f unction s i na part i cu1 a rlangu age such as as entenc e ,a n o u n p h ase oraverb.No n t r a d iti o nal c a te g or i es:d ete r mi ne r(De t )限定词，degr e e(De g ),qua 1 i f i er
25、( Q u a)Ph r as e e 1 ement s : speci f ier s , complement s (XP Rule), mod i fiers.De e p struct 2:fo r med by th e XP rule i n a cc o rdance with the h e ads sub c at e goriza t i o n pr o per ties.没变形 陈述句Surfa c e stru c tier e3 . Le x ical me a ning：Sense: i s con cerned with the in h erent mean
26、ing o f a li n gui s ti c form, t h e colie c t i o n of all its features; i t is ab s tract a nd de- c o n t extu a lized.Eg： dog -gene r a 1 meaning of do g , f e a tur e sR e fe r ence: m e an s what a li n g u is t i c form r e fer s to in the real, phys ical world.Eg;One p articu 1 a r/ c ertai
27、 n dog e x i s te n t in the s ituat i on, known to ea ch other.Contex t : i t i s g e n e ral 1 y co n s i dered a s c o nsti t u t e d by the knowle d ge s ha r e d b y the s p e aker and the he a rer. （John Firth）S p ee c h a ct theor y ： （John Austin）Locut i o nary a ct:（言内行为）is t h e a c t o f
28、utt e rin g w o r d s, phr a s es a n d c 1 au s e s .I 1 locuti o n a ry a c t:（言外之意）is t h e act of expressing the sp e a kers i n tention; it is t h e act of pe r for med i n sa y ing some t hin g .Perlocut i on a r y act：（言后行为）i sth e act of performed by or re s u It i n g f r om say i n g somet
29、 h ing; i t is the consequence of, or t h e chang e bro u ght a bout by t h e uttera nee.C o operative prin c i p 1 e C P (P a ul Gri c e)The ma x im of qua nt i ly:Say no les s than t h e conv e rsation requir e s.Say n o m o re tha n the conversation req u ir e s.The maxim of qua 1 ity：Dont s ay w
30、hat you be 1 ieve to b e f a 1 s e.Dont say t hings for which yo u lack evidence.The maxim of man ner：D on*t be o b sc u re. D o n*t b ea mb i guous.B eb r ief.Be ord e r ly.Th 6max i mof r e lev a n c e:B erelevan t.4 .La n guag e changeA d d i t ion of new word s ：1) C o i n a ge:创新词Spy w a re di
31、g i t a 1 came r a cybe r citiz e n mous e p o tatoC 1 i p p e d wor d s:缩略词Lab- 1 a borat o r y g ym-gym n asium f r idge-refr i gerato rb u r g e rhamb u rge rB1 e nd i ng:紧缩法Smo g -smoke+f o g brun c h- b reakfast+lunch c a m c o r der-camera+recorderAc r o nyms： 首字母缩略词CEO- c hi e f e xec u tive
32、officer IT i n f o r ma t io n tec h n o logyEU VIP B2B CPIB a c k-f o r ma t ion：逆构词法T o edi t / b eg/baby-s i t /donate/orient / hawk/avi a t e /a p p reciateF u net i o n sh i ftn.- v . To k nee/bug / tapev.- n . a h o Id/r e je c t /ret reatadj -v. to cool/ n ar r ow/dim/s 1 owB o rrowingB o nus
33、 t ragedy ski r t e du c a t ion cycle pri n ce gu i t ar ba 1 c o nyB a 11 o on opera pump tea tofu kowtow s ampan zeroK u ngfu mahjong spagh e t t i biz a r r e g a rageDeriva t i o n 派生词F ixa b 1 e r efusal e xci t i n g i mpressi v e d i s 1 ike rest a t e a nti p o llution unfa i r realize h a
34、p p i n e s sCompo u n d s 复合词Bitt ersweet rai n b o w spoonfeed s 1 ee p w alk inborn off-1 i c en s eU n d ertake with out landl a d y handove r wh i t e w a sh8. R e gister 语域Field of discour s e 话语范围：refers t o what is g oing o n: on t h e ar e a o f op e r a t i on o f t h e lan g u a ge act i
35、vit y .T en o r o f d i s cou r s e 话语基调:refers t o the role o f relatio nsh i p in t he s itu a tio n in q ues t ion: who th e p a r t i c i p ant s in the communication g r o ups ar e and w hat rela t ionship they s t a nd to each o t her.M o de of dis c o u r s e 话语方式：r efer s t o the means of c ommun i cati o n. I t is concerned with ho w” communicat i o n i s ca r r ied out.9.Sap i r-wh o rf h ypot h es i s ( S WH)萨丕尔沃尔夫假说L a nguage filters p eop 1 es perc e pti o n an g t h e w a y th e y cate g oriz e the i r e x periences.